{"id":1251,"date":"2022-02-05T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-04T23:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=1251"},"modified":"2022-02-04T23:53:36","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T22:53:36","slug":"umeni-diplomacie-ve-starovekem-peru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2022\/02\/05\/umeni-diplomacie-ve-starovekem-peru\/","title":{"rendered":"Um\u011bn\u00ed diplomacie ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Peru"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pro typick\u00e9ho Evropana jsou synonymem pro Peru p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Inkov\u00e9. Je t\u0159eba si ale uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee inck\u00e1 kultura nebyla jedin\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 kultura, kter\u00e1 se na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Peru nach\u00e1zela.\u00a0<\/span>V\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b pojem st\u00e1tu, tak jak ho ch\u00e1peme my, m\u011bl v dob\u011b inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e – ke\u010du\u00e1nsky Tahuantinsuyo – zcela jin\u00fd charakter. Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee inck\u00e9 s\u00edle v\u017edy vzdorovaly jin\u00e9 kultury, nem\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 byly rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Peru a jejich\u017e poroben\u00ed nebo, pokud to nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9, diplomatick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, bylo pro Inky prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm c\u00edlem.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

A\u0165 u\u017e to byla kultura Chachapoyas v severn\u00edm Peru, ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed vysok\u00e9 andsk\u00e9 vrcholky a kter\u00e1 byla nakonec poko\u0159ena Inky, av\u0161ak nikoliv dobyt\u00edm, ale vyhladov\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159i obl\u00e9han\u00ed pevnosti Kuel\u00e1p,[1] n\u011bkdy ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 15. stolet\u00ed. Chachapoyas se s por\u00e1\u017ekou nikdy nesm\u00ed\u0159ili a nikdy nebyli \u201cpoin\u010dt\u011bni\u201d v prav\u00e9m slova smyslu, tak\u017ee ve chv\u00edli vp\u00e1du conquistador\u016f se p\u0159iklonili na stranu \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch dobyvatel\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00dazem\u00ed kmene Chank\u016f se nal\u00e9zalo v t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti Cusca.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavou kulturou, se kterou se Inkov\u00e9 museli vypo\u0159\u00e1dat jako prvn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 byla rozvinuta v bl\u00edzkosti regionu Cusco, a hned v po\u010d\u00e1tku existence je siln\u011b ohro\u017eovala, byla kultura Chankas (\u010desky \u010cankov\u00e9). [2] Jedn\u00e1 se o jednu z nejv\u00fdznam\u011bj\u0161\u00edch peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kultur, kter\u00e1 se rozv\u00edjela na \u00fazem\u00edch dne\u0161n\u00edch andsk\u00fdch region\u016f Apur\u00edmac, Ayacucho a Huancavelica. Podle historik\u016f, p\u00e1d \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Wari, [3] kter\u00e1 se vyvinula pr\u00e1v\u011b na \u00fazem\u00ed regionu Ayacucho, znamenal po\u010d\u00e1tek obdob\u00ed velk\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a politick\u00e9 nestability. Dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00e1lky mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi kulturami zp\u016fsobily, \u017ee populace byly zalo\u017eeny i na m\u00edstech, kde mohly z\u016fstat v bezpe\u010d\u00ed, mimo dosah \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk\u016f. Byla to doba konflikt\u016f. A v tomto okam\u017eiku se objevily pr\u00e1v\u011b Chankas, ale ne jako \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed ukon\u010dili nadvl\u00e1du \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Wari, ale jako d\u016fsledek nov\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek.<\/span><\/p>\n

Usadili se ve velk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch. Z krve a v\u00e1lky, chaosu a smrti se zformovali jako velc\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed byli donuceni v\u017edy bojovat, aby si zachr\u00e1nili sv\u016fj \u017eivot. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed historici tak dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee Chankas byli potomci Wari kv\u016fli sekul\u00e1rn\u00edmu n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Mezi roky 1100 a\u017e 1400 n.l. os\u00eddlily jejich m\u011bsta velkou \u010d\u00e1st oblast\u00ed Ayacucho, Huancavelica a Apur\u00edmac. Organizovali se jako konfederace vesnic, je\u017e uzn\u00e1valy spole\u010dnou minulost a legend\u00e1rn\u00ed bojovn\u00edky. Podle kronik\u00e1\u0159e\u00a0<\/span>Pedra Sarmienta de Gamboa <\/b>[4] se Chankov\u00e9 d\u011blili do dvou proud\u016f, kdy uzn\u00e1vali dva hlavn\u00ed legend\u00e1rn\u00ed bojovn\u00edky. Prvn\u00ed byl vl\u00e1dce <\/span>Paucaray<\/b>, kter\u00fd se usadil v obc\u00edch Huamanga a Vilcashuam\u00e1n. Zat\u00edmco druh\u00fd legend\u00e1rn\u00ed vl\u00e1dce zalo\u017eil andskou spole\u010dnosti v Andahuaylas.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti ur\u010dovalo bojovou strategii, kdy\u017e \u0161li do v\u00e1lky. Kdy\u017e se p\u0159ipravovali na rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed konfrontaci s Inky, Chankas rozd\u011blili sv\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy na t\u0159i v\u011btve, a ka\u017edou z nich pr\u00e1v\u011b na dv\u011b poloviny.\u00a0<\/span>Prvn\u00ed arm\u00e1da byla posl\u00e1na do Contisuyu, druh\u00e1 k Antisuyu, zat\u00edmco t\u0159et\u00ed a hlavn\u00ed byla posl\u00e1na do Cusca. Prvn\u00ed dv\u011b arm\u00e1dy z\u00edskaly v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, av\u0161ak t\u0159et\u00ed arm\u00e1da byla rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed. Tato t\u0159et\u00ed skupina voj\u00e1k\u016f byla pod\u0159\u00edzena dv\u011bma velitel\u016fm, jm\u00e9nem <\/span>Tomayo Huaraca<\/b> a <\/span>Asto Huaraca<\/b>. Oba se setkali s prvn\u00edm Inkou Viracochou, kter\u00fd hrozil v\u00fdpadem sv\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f na sever.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1344 se poda\u0159ilo v\u016fdc\u016fm Chank\u016f, podporovan\u00fdm sv\u00fdmi 40 000 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edky, p\u0159inutit Inku <\/span>Viracochu<\/b>, aby se spole\u010dn\u011b obr\u00e1tili k n\u011bkter\u00e9mu neutr\u00e1ln\u00edmu vl\u00e1dci, p\u0159ed kter\u00fdm by uzav\u0159eli m\u00edrovou dohodu.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Inkov\u00e9 a Chankas odcestovali na sever a po \u010dase se kone\u010dn\u011b dostali do domu velk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Yunkaypampy (nyn\u00ed m\u011bste\u010dko Yungay v provincii Ancash). N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den, za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti sv\u011bdk\u016f a samotn\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce, kter\u00fd p\u016fsobil jako ru\u010ditel, byla ustavena m\u00edrov\u00e1 dohoda mezi Chankas a Inky. Uzav\u0159en\u00e1 dohoda byla trval\u00e1. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edmto kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u010dl\u00e1nkem jsem cht\u011bl jen uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee Inkov\u00e9 nebyli jedin\u00ed v p\u0159edkolumbovsk\u00e9m Peru, kdo aspiroval na v\u016fd\u010d\u00ed roli. Inck\u00fd zp\u016fsob vl\u00e1dy v sob\u011b nezahrnoval jen vojenskou s\u00edlu, ale daleko \u010dast\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvali diplomacie a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdm\u011bnou za v\u00fddobytky jejich civilizace. D\u00edky tomu se skute\u010dn\u011b pozd\u011bji mohli st\u00e1t tou hlavn\u00ed hybnou silou, kter\u00e1 vybudovala obrovskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i zvanou Tahuantinsuyo. Av\u0161ak takovou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 byla postavena na vratk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladech mnohon\u00e1rodnostn\u00edho etnika.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Ku\u00e9lap. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ku\u00e9lap
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[2] Chanca. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chanca
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[3] Ayacucho prehisp\u00e1nico. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayacucho_prehisp\u00e1nico#Wari
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[4] Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[5] Zapata, A; Rojas, R; Pereyra, N.; Historia y cultura de Ayacucho. IEP, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 2008. ISBN: 978-9972-51-283-4.
\n<\/span>[6] \u00a0Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Comentarios reales de los incas. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comentarios_reales_de_los_incas<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pro typick\u00e9ho Evropana jsou synonymem pro Peru p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Inkov\u00e9. Je t\u0159eba si ale uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee inck\u00e1 kultura nebyla jedin\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1257,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[71,14,7,13,5,4,16],"class_list":["post-1251","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-chancas","tag-cusco","tag-historie","tag-inkove","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-peru","tag-tahuantinsuyo"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1251","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1251"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1251\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1572,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1251\/revisions\/1572"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1251"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1251"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}