{"id":1488,"date":"2022-11-12T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-11T23:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=1488"},"modified":"2022-11-03T13:29:10","modified_gmt":"2022-11-03T12:29:10","slug":"co-by-se-stalo-kdyby-kolumbus-neobjevil-ameriku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2022\/11\/12\/co-by-se-stalo-kdyby-kolumbus-neobjevil-ameriku\/","title":{"rendered":"Co by se stalo, kdyby Kolumbus neobjevil Ameriku?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><b>Napadla v\u00e1s n\u011bkdy ot\u00e1zka, jak by vypadal sv\u011bt, pokud by Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus neobjevil Ameriku? Pokud by z&nbsp;n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu, p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 500 lety, tento mo\u0159eplavec sponzorovan\u00fd \u0161pan\u011blskou korunou, ke b\u0159eh\u016fm Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta nedoplul, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se jej\u00ed objeven\u00ed zpozdilo o n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek let? Historie sv\u011bta by byla zcela jin\u00e1.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Zkuste si to p\u0159edstavit. 12.10.1492 Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus nep\u0159iplouv\u00e1 do Ameriky a sv\u011bt p\u0159ehazuje historickou v\u00fdhybku na zcela jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh!\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Evrop\u011b by se nepoda\u0159ilo odcizit obrovsk\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nenastal rozkv\u011bt evropsk\u00e9 kultury a v\u00edry tak, jak to zn\u00e1me z&nbsp;historie. \u0158\u00ed\u0161e st\u0159edn\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky by zcela p\u0159evl\u00e1dly na kontinentu, kter\u00fd by nikdy nevid\u011bl jeho vlastn\u00ed obyvatelstvo tak brut\u00e1ln\u011b zni\u010den\u00e9 a zmrza\u010den\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_1495\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1495\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1495 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b4568-1024x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b4568-1024x613.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b4568-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b4568-768x460.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b4568.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1495\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">Mapa prvn\u00edch cest do Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. zdroj [9].<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201eNa\u0161\u00edm d\u011bdictv\u00edm byla d\u011brav\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165,\u201c napsal uprost\u0159ed beznad\u011bje autor anonymn\u00ed b\u00e1sn\u011b objeven\u00e9 mezi \u201ezdmi pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00e9 zbytky mozku\u201c, po \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9m obsazen\u00ed Mexika, k&nbsp;n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo v&nbsp;roce 1519. B\u00e1se\u0148 je z&nbsp;knihy \u201cVisi\u00f3n de los vencidos\u201d (Vize pora\u017een\u00fdch).[1] Vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, co se stalo p\u0159i obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Tenochtitl\u00e1nu, hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdm dobyvatelem <\/span><b>Hern\u00e1nem Cort\u00e9sem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">M\u016f\u017eeme si proto polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku, co by se opravdu stalo, kdyby o 27 let d\u0159\u00edve, v&nbsp;\u0159\u00edjnu 1492, lod\u011b pod velen\u00edm Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba nikdy Ameriku neobjevily.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it v\u016fbec n\u011bjakou konstrukci, kter\u00e1 dnes zcela pat\u0159\u00ed do sv\u011bta fikce, je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 analyzovat situaci \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 koruny v&nbsp;t\u00e9 dob\u011b. A to je \u00fakolem historik\u016f. Jedn\u00edm z&nbsp;nich je venezuelsk\u00fd historik, <\/span><b>Alejandro L\u00f3pez<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u0159editel n\u00e1rodn\u00edho historick\u00e9ho muzea, \u00a0kter\u00fd si polo\u017eil ot\u00e1zku. \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Co by se stalo s&nbsp;Evropou, kdyby Kolumbus na cestu nevyrazil?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z historie v\u00edme, \u017ee<\/span><b> \u0160pan\u011blsko v&nbsp;tomto obdob\u00ed za\u010dalo proces sjednocen\u00ed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, charakterizovan\u00e9 man\u017eelstv\u00edm Isabely Kastilsk\u00e9 a Ferdinanda Aragonsk\u00e9ho v&nbsp;roce 1469, co\u017e znamenalo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed obou kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 v&nbsp;sob\u011b spojovala r\u016fzn\u00e1 Ibersk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. V&nbsp;roce 1492 do\u0161lo k&nbsp;ukon\u010den\u00ed muslimsk\u00e9 okupace, dobyt\u00edm granadsk\u00e9ho sultan\u00e1tu,[2] je\u017e trvala t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 800 let. Nav\u00edc tak\u00e9 do\u0161lo k&nbsp;vyho\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u017did\u016f z&nbsp;t\u011bchto zem\u00ed. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po jejich vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed se <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">katolicismus stal hlavn\u00ed politickou s\u00edlou na Ibersk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, tak\u017ee pokud by nep\u0159i\u0161el emisar \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 koruny Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus, je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee ta by pokra\u010dovala ve sv\u00e9 expanzivn\u00ed politice sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k&nbsp;severn\u00ed Africe a St\u0159edozem\u00ed,\u201c <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kde byli jejich ned\u00e1vno pora\u017een\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 L\u00f3pez.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ten se tak\u00e9 domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">snahou bylo vytvo\u0159it n\u00e1rodn\u00ed identitu semknutou kolem katolicismu. Existoval by t\u00edm proces kontroly, kter\u00fd by pak zaru\u010dil spr\u00e1vn\u00ed autonomii<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d Podle jeho n\u00e1zoru byla kolonizace Ameriky vedena \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pot\u0159ebou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ilnavosti militantn\u00edch v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, nebo\u0165 \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd katolicismus se pr\u00e1v\u011b narodil.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 ikonografie, zvyky uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a kult jedin\u00e9ho Boha. V\u0161echny tyto zvyky byly ulo\u017eeny p\u016fvodn\u00edm obyvatel\u016fm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u0159i\u0161la do \u201eNov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta\u201c v&nbsp;tzv. \u201ev\u00e1lce proti nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm.\u201c\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mexick\u00fd v\u011bdec <\/span><b>Josu\u00e9 S\u00e1nchez<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> zmi\u0148uje existenci doktr\u00edny \u201eamerick\u00e9ho satanismu\u201c, kter\u00fd oso\u010doval p\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatele z&nbsp;praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed a naz\u00fdval je jako \u201ene\u010dist\u00e9 a odsouzen\u00edhodn\u00e9 du\u0161e, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt spaseny,\u201c dod\u00e1v\u00e1 L\u00f3pez.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">\u201cTento n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd boj vyvolal v&nbsp;Americe mo\u017en\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ni\u010div\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky, kter\u00e9 kdy historie zaznamenala,\u201d p\u00ed\u0161e S\u00e1nchez ve sv\u00e9m textu p\u0159\u00edhodn\u011b nazvan\u00e9m \u201cVynucov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho satanismu v&nbsp;Americe\u201d. [3]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><b>Nov\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed pro Evropu<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak\u00e1 by byla Evropa bez Ameriky?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d pt\u00e1 se L\u00f3pez a hned si odpov\u00edd\u00e1: \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bylo by to \u00fazem\u00ed bez bohatstv\u00ed, bez pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed a bez utopie.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d Podle jeho n\u00e1zoru invaze do tzv. \u201cIndi\u00ed\u201d pos\u00edlila rozvoj z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy. \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pokud by tomu tak nebylo, Evropa by byla vr\u017eena do temnoty,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d \u0159\u00edk\u00e1.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_1496\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1496\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1496\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b456a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b456a.jpg 1022w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b456a-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/59deb3dce9180f76088b456a-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1496\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">Zdroj [9].<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Historik se odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 na z\u00edskan\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed z&nbsp;nekontrolovan\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zlata, st\u0159\u00edbra a drah\u00fdch kamen\u016f. Jmenovat m\u016f\u017eeme nap\u0159\u00edklad perly, z\u00edskan\u00e9 v&nbsp;dne\u0161n\u00ed Venezuele, zlato Ink\u016f v&nbsp;Peru, st\u0159\u00edbro z&nbsp;dol\u016f Potos\u00ed v&nbsp;Bol\u00edvii nebo z&nbsp;lo\u017eisek v&nbsp;mexick\u00e9m Zacatecas a Guanajuato. Bez toho by nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v&nbsp;Evrop\u011b nastartovat obchodn\u00ed a p\u0159edindustri\u00e1ln\u00ed motor patn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, co\u017e bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jen d\u00edky v\u0161emu, co bylo p\u0159ijato z&nbsp;Ameriky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201e<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zlato a st\u0159\u00edbro byly kl\u00ed\u010dem k&nbsp;renesanci a slou\u017eilo k&nbsp;otev\u0159en\u00ed br\u00e1ny r\u00e1je na nebi i br\u00e1ny kapitalistick\u00e9ho merkantilismu na zemi,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c [4] napsal uruguaysk\u00fd intelektu\u00e1l <\/span><b>Eduardo Galeano<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> [5] ve sv\u00e9 slavn\u00e9 knize \u201cLas venas abiertas de Am\u00e9rica Latina\u201d (Otev\u0159en\u00e9 \u017e\u00edly Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ale nebyly to jen cenn\u00e9 kovy. Nov\u00e9 zem\u011b rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159inesly na evropsk\u00fd kontinent i jin\u00e9 druhy pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed. \u201e<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nep\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1me v\u00fdznam hodnot\u011b kakaa, cukru a tab\u00e1ku. Evropa by bez Ameriky nikdy nem\u011bla tyto po\u017eitky,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 L\u00f3pez.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bulharsko-francouzsk\u00fd spisovatel<\/span><b> Tzvetan Todorov<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, [6] ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201cDobyt\u00ed Ameriky: probl\u00e9m druh\u00e9ho\u201d, [7] popisuje \u201e<\/span><b>touhu zbohatnout a nutk\u00e1n\u00ed dominovat,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c jako hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvod pro chov\u00e1n\u00ed cizinc\u016f, s&nbsp;tehdej\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavou, \u017ee Indi\u00e1ni byli hor\u0161\u00ed a byli \u201c<\/span><b>na p\u016fli cesty mezi mu\u017ei a zv\u00ed\u0159aty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d. Pro n\u011bj je tento p\u0159edpoklad z\u00e1kladem pro pochopen\u00ed ni\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nastalo.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podle Todorova je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee b\u011bhem dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed a kolonizace <\/span><b>zem\u0159elo a\u017e 90% populace, kter\u00e1 v&nbsp;t\u00e9 dob\u011b existovala<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zem\u0159elo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 70 milion\u016f lid\u00ed! P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vra\u017edy, \u0161patn\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed a dosud nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 nemoci. \u201c<\/span><b>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd masakr dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed nelze srovn\u00e1vat s&nbsp;touto katastrofou,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d p\u00ed\u0161e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><b>Jak\u00e1 by byla Amerika ? <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">P\u0159izn\u00e1m se, \u017ee tato ot\u00e1zka m\u011b zaj\u00edm\u00e1 ze v\u0161eho nejv\u00edc. Jak by tedy vypadala Amerika, pokud by nikdy nebyla objevena a tamn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e by postupn\u011b l\u00e9pe konsolidovaly svoji moc ? Zkusme se na to pod\u00edvat v&nbsp;na\u0161ich, ne zcela p\u0159esn\u00fdch, z\u00e1padn\u00edch term\u00ednech.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V Americe by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u201c<\/span><b><i>nastal intenzivn\u00ed historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj,<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d vysv\u011btluje L\u00f3pez a dod\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe byla tehdy dominantn\u00ed kultura Azt\u00e9k\u016f, kterou bychom podle z\u00e1padn\u00edch term\u00edn\u016f nazvali imp\u00e9rium,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d kter\u00e9 vzniklo d\u00edky spojenectv\u00ed n\u00e1rod\u016f Texcoco, Tlacopan a Tenochtitlan.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 by se ur\u010dit\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili ze St\u0159edn\u00ed Ameriky. M\u011bli mo\u017enost doj\u00edt a\u017e do Panamy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, d\u00edky \u00fapadku maysk\u00e9 kultury v&nbsp;Guatemale a ji\u017en\u00edm Mexiku.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">O mnoho kilometr\u016f d\u00e1le na jih, u v\u00fdchodn\u00edch andsk\u00fdch Kordil\u00e9r, v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9 Kolumbii, se rozv\u00edjela kultura Chibchas, [8] kter\u00e1 zrovna v&nbsp;letech p\u0159\u00edchodu Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba za\u017e\u00edvala rozkv\u011bt, a podle L\u00f3pezova n\u00e1zoru mohla dos\u00e1hnout panamsk\u00e9 \u0161\u00edje, p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed cesty sm\u011brem k&nbsp;Atlantiku.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou kulturou t\u00e9 doby jsou Inkov\u00e9 v&nbsp;And\u00e1ch, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli \u201enej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, politick\u00fd a administrativn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, jak\u00fd v&nbsp;p\u0159edhisp\u00e1nsk\u00e9 Americe existoval a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b by mohli dos\u00e1hnou argentinsk\u00e9 pampy.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b existovaly karibsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, kter\u00e9 ovl\u00e1daly mo\u0159e a severn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Venezuely, Braz\u00edlie, Guayany a Surinamu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Pokud jde o Severn\u00ed Ameriku, L\u00f3pez se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee kdyby nedorazili Angli\u010dan\u00e9, byla by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ovlivn\u011bna st\u0159edoamerickou kulturou a nebo seversk\u00fdmi mocnostmi. Z&nbsp;jeho \u00fahlu pohledu by Latinsk\u00e1 Amerika byla sp\u00ed\u0161e st\u0159edoamerick\u00fdm sv\u011btem \u201eproto\u017ee to byl ten, kter\u00fd m\u011bl nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sf\u00e9ru vlivu a mo\u017enosti roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">A\u0165 by to bylo tak nebo jinak, dnes jsou to pouze utopick\u00e9 teorie a p\u0159edstavy. D\u011bjiny neznaj\u00ed \u201ckdyby\u201d. Faktem je, \u017ee Amerika si p\u0159i kolonizaci pro\u0161la obrovsk\u00fdm bezpr\u00e1v\u00edm a krveprolit\u00edm, kter\u00e9 barbarsk\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zni\u010dilo sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed kultury, na kter\u00e9 nelze v\u016fbec pohl\u00ed\u017eet na\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem vid\u011bn\u00ed sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1] Visi\u00f3n de los vencidos. Cantos tristes de la conquista. Online: <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/biblioweb.tic.unam.mx\/libros\/vencidos\/cap15.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/biblioweb.tic.unam.mx\/libros\/vencidos\/cap15.html<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2] Granada (emir\u00e1t). Wikipedia. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Granada_(emir%C3%A1t)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Granada_(emir\u00e1t)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[3] S\u00e1nchez, J., La imposici\u00f3n del diabolismo cristiano en Am\u00e9rica. researchgate.net. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/235747755_La_imposicion_del_diabolismo_cristiano_en_America\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/235747755_La_imposicion_del_diabolismo_cristiano_en_America<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[4] Merkantilismus. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merkantilismus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merkantilismus<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[5] Eduardo Galeano. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eduardo_Galeano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eduardo_Galeano<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[6] Tzvetan Todorov. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tzvetan_Todorov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tzvetan_Todorov<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[7] Todorov, T.: Dobyt\u00ed Ameriky: probl\u00e9m druh\u00e9ho. ISBN: 8020405828. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.databazeknih.cz\/knihy\/dobyti-ameriky-problem-druheho-88300\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.databazeknih.cz\/knihy\/dobyti-ameriky-problem-druheho-88300<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[8] Muiscas (etnia). ecured.cu. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecured.cu\/Muiscas_(etnia)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ecured.cu\/Muiscas_(etnia)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[9] Gom\u00e9z, N.: \u00bfQu\u00e9 pasar\u00eda si Col\u00f3n no hubiera llegado a Am\u00e9rica? &#8220;Europa estar\u00eda sumida en el oscurantismo&#8221;. rt.com. 12.10.2017. Online: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/actualidad.rt.com\/actualidad\/252608-colon-america-europa-oscurantismo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/actualidad.rt.com\/actualidad\/252608-colon-america-europa-oscurantismo<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Napadla v\u00e1s n\u011bkdy ot\u00e1zka, jak by vypadal sv\u011bt, pokud by Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus neobjevil Ameriku? Pokud by z&nbsp;n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu, p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 500 lety, tento mo\u0159eplavec sponzorovan\u00fd \u0161pan\u011blskou korunou, ke b\u0159eh\u016fm Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta nedoplul, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se jej\u00ed objeven\u00ed zpozdilo o n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek let? Historie sv\u011bta by byla zcela jin\u00e1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[7,5],"class_list":["post-1488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1488"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3822,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1488\/revisions\/3822"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1488"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}