{"id":1546,"date":"2018-03-24T00:10:33","date_gmt":"2018-03-23T23:10:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=1546"},"modified":"2018-01-05T21:30:28","modified_gmt":"2018-01-05T20:30:28","slug":"tordesillaska-smlouva-rozdelila-svet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2018\/03\/24\/tordesillaska-smlouva-rozdelila-svet\/","title":{"rendered":"Tordesillask\u00e1 smlouva rozd\u011blila sv\u011bt"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160pan\u011blsko a Portugalsko, spole\u010dn\u011b s pape\u017eem u\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed v\u00fdpravou Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba jednali o tom, komu p\u0159ipadnou p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b nov\u011b objeven\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. Ji\u017e v roce 1455 pape\u017e Mikul\u00e1\u0161 V. ud\u011blil Portugalsku v\u00fdhradn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo prozkoumat zem\u011b a ostrovy pod\u00e9l z\u00e1padn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Afriky a n\u00e1rokovat si v\u0161echno, co se tam najde. Bylo v\u0161ak jasn\u00e9, \u017ee toto ustanoven\u00ed nebude dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Roku 1479 byla v Alc\u00e1\u00e7ovasu uzav\u0159ena smlouva, na z\u00e1klad\u011b kter\u00e9 portugalsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l <\/span>Alfons V.<\/b> a jeho syn, princ Jan, postoupili Kan\u00e1rsk\u00e9 ostrovy \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdm panovn\u00edk\u016fm Ferdinandovi a Isabele Kastilsk\u00e9. \u0160pan\u011blsko na opl\u00e1tku uznalo, \u017ee Portugalsko bude m\u00edt monopol na obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s Afrikou a nadvl\u00e1du nad Azorsk\u00fdmi a Kapverdsk\u00fdmi ostrovy a tak\u00e9 nad Madeirou.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus vr\u00e1til v roce 1493 ze sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed plavby do Ameriky, krom\u011b obrovsk\u00e9 euforie z nov\u011b objeven\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, vznikl mezi panovn\u00edky \u0160pan\u011blska a Portugalska spor. Nedok\u00e1zali se shodnout na tom, kdo by m\u011bl p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad obchodem v nov\u011b objeven\u00fdch zem\u00edch a nad jejich os\u00eddlov\u00e1n\u00edm. \u0160pan\u011blsko se proto obr\u00e1tilo na pape\u017ee <\/span>Alexandra VI.<\/b>, [1] aby je rozsoudil. Pape\u017e na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho vydal t\u0159i buly. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V prvn\u00ed z nich bylo \u201ez autority V\u0161emohouc\u00edho Boha\u201c p\u0159izn\u00e1no v\u00fdhradn\u00ed a trval\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed nov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed \u0160pan\u011blsku. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ve druh\u00e9 stanovil demarka\u010dn\u00ed linii, kter\u00e1 se t\u00e1hla od p\u00f3lu k p\u00f3lu a byla vzd\u00e1len\u00e1 asi 560 kilometr\u016f z\u00e1padn\u011b od Kapverdsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. Pape\u017e uvedl, \u017ee v\u0161echny zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 byly a je\u0161t\u011b budou objeveny na z\u00e1pad od t\u00e9to linie, p\u0159ipadnou pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0160pan\u011blsku.\u00a0<\/span>Jeho t\u0159et\u00ed bula podle v\u0161eho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila \u0161pan\u011blskou sf\u00e9ru vlivu na v\u00fdchod a\u017e k Indii.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Podoba smlouvy v praxi. Sv\u011btl\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pat\u0159ila Portugalsku, tmav\u0161\u00ed \u0160pan\u011blsku.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Proti tomu se postavil portugalsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l <\/span>Jan II.<\/b>, [2] kter\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed rozl\u00edtilo, obe\u0161el pape\u017ee a za\u010dal vyjedn\u00e1vat p\u0159\u00edmo s Ferdinandem a Isabelou. \u0160pan\u011blsko t\u00e9 doby m\u011blo z Portugalska respekt a tak v\u00fdsledkem byla nov\u00e1 hrani\u010dn\u00ed linie, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila Portugalc\u016fm kolonizovat \u010d\u00e1st Braz\u00edlie le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na v\u00fdchod od n\u00ed. Existuje domn\u011bnka, \u017ee Portugalci ji\u017e p\u0159i t\u011bchto jedn\u00e1n\u00edch o existenci Braz\u00edlie v\u011bd\u011bli.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed byly stvrzeny tzv. <\/span>Tordesillaskou smlouvou <\/b>[3] (podepsanou dne 7. \u010dervna 1494 ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Tordesillas) o rozd\u011blen\u00ed sv\u011bta mezi \u0160pan\u011blsko a Portugalsko.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tordesillask\u00e1 smlouva vymezovala zcela novou demarka\u010dn\u00ed linii, posunutou o 1770 km. Podstatn\u00e9 bylo, \u017ee v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, krajn\u00ed v\u00fdchod Braz\u00edlie, byla nyn\u00ed p\u0159ips\u00e1na do sf\u00e9ry p\u016fsobnosti Portugalska, co\u017e mu umo\u017enilo pod\u0159\u00eddit toto \u00fazem\u00ed sv\u00e9 svrchovanosti, p\u0159\u00edjezdem <\/span>Pedra \u00c1lvarese Cabrala<\/b> [4] na brazilsk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed v roce 1500. \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fdm lod\u00edm byla na opl\u00e1tku smlouvou uzn\u00e1na voln\u00e1 plavba po vod\u00e1ch portugalsk\u00e9 strany k jej\u00edch cest\u00e1m do Ameriky. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba dodat, \u017ee smlouva byla \u010dasto ze strany Portugalska poru\u0161ov\u00e1na o \u010dem\u017e v podstat\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed velikost dne\u0161n\u00edho st\u00e1tu Braz\u00edlie. Naopak \u0160pan\u011blsko, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u00edstokr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Peru na rozp\u00ednavost Portugalska nereagovalo a dostate\u010dn\u011b neuplat\u0148ovalo sv\u00e9 n\u00e1roky vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ze smlouvy.
\n<\/span><\/span>I kdy\u017e dokument v\u016fbec neuznala Anglie,Holandsko a Francie jako dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed velmoci, [5] jej\u00ed stopa z\u016fstala patrn\u00e1 dodnes – \u010d\u00e1st Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, Braz\u00edlie, mluv\u00ed portugalsky, zbytek \u0161pan\u011blsky…<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Alexandr VI.. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandr_VI<\/span><\/a>.
\n<\/span><\/span>[2] Jan II. Portugalsk\u00fd. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jan_II._Portugalsk\u00fd
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[3] Tratado de Tordesillas. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tratado_de_Tordesillas
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[4] Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_\u00c1lvares_Cabral
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[5] Tordesillask\u00e1 smlouva. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tordesillask\u00e1_smlouva<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0160pan\u011blsko a Portugalsko, spole\u010dn\u011b s pape\u017eem u\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed v\u00fdpravou Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba jednali o tom, komu p\u0159ipadnou p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b nov\u011b objeven\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1556,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[70,7,5,73,68],"class_list":["post-1546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-brazilie","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-portugalsko","tag-spanelsko"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1546"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1808,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546\/revisions\/1808"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1556"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}