{"id":1584,"date":"2018-11-03T00:10:32","date_gmt":"2018-11-02T23:10:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=1584"},"modified":"2018-10-27T11:11:23","modified_gmt":"2018-10-27T09:11:23","slug":"jak-se-slavi-jihoamericke-dusicky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2018\/11\/03\/jak-se-slavi-jihoamericke-dusicky\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak se slav\u00ed jihoamerick\u00e9 Du\u0161i\u010dky?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sv\u00e1tek V\u0161ech Svat\u00fdch, jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b, je dnes oslavov\u00e1n v \u0159ad\u011b zem\u00ed cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. U n\u00e1s mu lidov\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me Du\u0161i\u010dky a podobn\u011b jako u n\u00e1s se tato tradice – vzpom\u00ednka na v\u0161echny zesnul\u00e9, dodr\u017euje s mal\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly ve v\u0161ech \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Nejinak je tomu i v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe. Asi zn\u00e1te bondovku Spectre, kde se za\u010d\u00e1tek odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v Mexiku za bou\u0159liv\u00e9ho vesel\u00ed a oslav D\u00eda de los Muertos – Dne Mrtv\u00fdch – jako p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed pam\u00e1tky zesnul\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak podobn\u011b, jako se tomu d\u011bje u n\u00e1s, do\u0161lo v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch tohoto kontinentu na postupn\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e1tku Halloween. Proto se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky skupinky d\u011bt\u00ed obl\u00e9kaj\u00ed jako \u010darod\u011bjov\u00e9 a \u010darod\u011bjnice nebo duchov\u00e9 a sv\u00e1tek zahrnuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 kost\u00fdmn\u00ed p\u00e1rty, \u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017eert\u00edky a hry. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v mnoha zem\u00edch st\u00e1le pokra\u010duj\u00ed v tradici \u201eDne mrtv\u00fdch\u201c. Sestavil jsem takov\u00fd mal\u00fd seznam zem\u00ed s popisem jednotliv\u00fdch zvyk\u016f. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mexiko
\n<\/b><\/span>Kult Smrti se zde praktikoval ji\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f a tak i v dne\u0161n\u00edm Mexiku se jedn\u00e1 o velkou kulturn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost. Je zvykem, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 chod\u00ed s d\u011btmi ven a \u017e\u00e1daj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed o sladkosti, se slovy \u201eP\u0159isp\u011bj lebce,\u201c nebo \u201eLebka m\u00e1 hlad, nem\u00e1\u0161 kousek chleba?\u201c <\/span>Mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9 se r\u00e1di p\u0159evl\u00e9kaj\u00ed za stra\u0161idla nebo smrtky a nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 kamar\u00e1dy doma nebo se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed soukrom\u00fdch ve\u010d\u00edrk\u016f. <\/span>Ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm 31. \u0159\u00edjna, 1. a 2. listopadu lid\u00e9 chod\u00ed na h\u0159bitov, kde zdob\u00ed hroby oran\u017eovou kv\u011btinou s exotick\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem \u201ccempaz\u00fachitl\u201d (av\u0161ak \u010desky ji zn\u00e1me pod pojmem afrik\u00e1n). Doma vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed olt\u00e1\u0159e, na kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed typick\u00e9 ob\u011btiny, jako je j\u00eddlo, kv\u011btiny a fotografie na po\u010dest sv\u00fdch zesnul\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
V Mexiku dbaj\u00ed na perfektn\u00ed p\u0159evleky a kost\u00fdmy.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Guatemala
\n<\/b><\/span>V Guatemale se v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee du\u0161e opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed h\u0159bitovy a nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Mnoho rodin nech\u00e1v\u00e1 na olt\u00e1\u0159i sklenici vody, sv\u00ed\u010dku a fotografi\u00ed zesnul\u00e9ho. N\u011bkolik dn\u00ed p\u0159ed sv\u00e1tky obyvatel\u00e9 \u010dist\u00ed hroby a v\u017edy je ozdob\u00ed kv\u011btinou mrtv\u00fdch, co\u017e je typick\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b pro Guatemalu. V\u011b\u0159\u00ed se, \u017ee 31. \u0159\u00edjna, za soumraku, se duchov\u00e9 vrac\u00ed, aby hledali sv\u00e9 t\u011blo a opou\u0161t\u00ed op\u011bt h\u0159bitov p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161patn\u00fdch du\u0161\u00ed, nebo aby nav\u0161t\u00edvili sv\u00e9 bl\u00edzk\u00e9. Lid\u00e9 nam\u00edsto toho, aby c\u00edtili strach ze setk\u00e1n\u00ed s duchy, konaj\u00ed oslavy na jejich uv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a vesele oslavuj\u00ed \u017eivot zesnul\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bol\u00edvie
\n<\/b><\/span>V Bol\u00edvii se oslavy li\u0161\u00ed podle regionu a tak\u00e9 podle etnika. Halloween se zde slou\u010dil s m\u00edstn\u00edmi zvyky. Obecn\u011b se d\u00e1 \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee bolivijsk\u00e1 tradice m\u00e1 jistou podobnost s oslavami ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe. I tady p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed pokrmy na po\u010dest sv\u00fdch zesnul\u00fdch a nab\u00edzej\u00ed je na olt\u00e1\u0159\u00edch p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch pro tuto p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost nebo je odvezou p\u0159\u00edmo k hrob\u016fm. Na rozd\u00edl od katol\u00edk\u016f, Aymarsk\u00e1 kultura nev\u011b\u0159\u00ed v du\u0161i, ale v tzv. \u201cajayu\u201d nebo \u0159e\u010deno jinak, v \u017eivotn\u00ed energii, kter\u00e1 ob\u00fdv\u00e1 ka\u017edou osobu. <\/span>Pro v\u011bt\u0161inu hlavn\u00ed ob\u0159ad za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 1. listopadu ve 12:00, a trv\u00e1 do poledne 2. listopadu, nebo\u0165 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee 1. listopadu v poledne se vr\u00e1t\u00ed \u201cajayus\u201d z hor, aby \u017eili cel\u00fdch 24 hodin s jejich rodinou a p\u0159\u00e1teli. Tento ritu\u00e1l zahrnuje obdarov\u00e1n\u00ed du\u0161e, a to prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm olt\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd zdob\u00ed kv\u011btiny, sv\u00ed\u010dky a j\u00eddlo. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Sv\u011btlo ze sv\u00ed\u010dek kr\u00e1sn\u011b osv\u011btluje bohatou kv\u011btinovou v\u00fdzdobu.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Peru
\n<\/b><\/span>V Peru n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed slav\u00ed Halloween podobn\u011b jako v Mexiku a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed rad\u011bji tzv. Den kreolsk\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b. Ten se slav\u00ed 31. \u0159\u00edjna. Den mrtv\u00fdch je oslavov\u00e1n 1. listopadu, kter\u00fd je tak\u00e9 voln\u00fdm dnem. Lid\u00e9 za soumraku chod\u00ed na h\u0159bitov, aby nav\u0161t\u00edvili sv\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9 a nechali jim kv\u011btiny. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ekv\u00e1dor
\n<\/b><\/span>Den mrtv\u00fdch je v Ekv\u00e1doru skute\u010dnou oslavou. Rodiny se shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed kolem tradi\u010dn\u00edho j\u00eddla, tzv. \u201cguaguas de pan\u201d (pe\u010divo ve tvaru d\u011bt\u00ed), doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9 n\u00e1pojem z fialov\u00e9 kuku\u0159ice.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Pe\u010divo ve tvaru d\u011bt\u00ed. Tohle je zrovna tradice z Cuzca, Peru.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Argentina
\n<\/b><\/span>V Argentin\u011b se tradice v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b vytratily. Zdej\u0161\u00ed Halloween nen\u00ed ni\u010d\u00edm v\u00edc ne\u017e komer\u010dn\u00ed akc\u00ed pro mlad\u00e9 v n\u00e1kupn\u00edch centrech a na diskot\u00e9k\u00e1ch. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed tento den berou jako ka\u017ed\u00fd jin\u00fd den.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kuba
\n<\/b><\/span>D\u011bti si neberou masky, ani se nep\u0159evl\u00e9kaj\u00ed. 1. listopadu na Den V\u0161ech Svat\u00fdch, lid\u00e9 uct\u00edvaj\u00ed svat\u00e9 a 2. listopadu chod\u00ed na h\u0159bitovy, aby nav\u0161t\u00edvili hroby sv\u00fdch zem\u0159el\u00fdch. Slou\u017e\u00ed se m\u0161e na po\u010dest zem\u0159el\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Braz\u00edlie
\n<\/b><\/span>V Braz\u00edlii je oslava podobn\u00e1 Dni mrtv\u00fdch (jako v Mexiku). Slav\u00ed se 2. listopadu a rodina p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed kv\u011btiny mrtv\u00fdm na hrob. V Braz\u00edlii nen\u00ed zvykem p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et j\u00eddlo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Venezuela
\n<\/b><\/span>Ve Venezuele trochu zapomn\u011bli na tradi\u010dn\u00ed Den mrtv\u00fdch. Venezuelan\u00e9 p\u0159ijali toto datum, aby si uctili sv\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9 a p\u0159inesli kv\u011btiny na h\u0159bitov. Neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ob\u0159ady nebo oslavy, ale je \u010das si vzpomenout na zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Tradi\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1bava na h\u0159bitov\u011b. <\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Salvador
\n<\/b><\/span>V Salvadoru se Den mrtv\u00fdch slav\u00ed 2. listopadu. I kdy\u017e v men\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, ne\u017e v okoln\u00edch zem\u00edch, m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 pokra\u010duj\u00ed v tradici podle sv\u00fdch ko\u0159en\u016f a vzpom\u00ednaj\u00ed v tento den na sv\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9. V\u00edc ne\u017e vzpom\u00ednky, m\u00e1 pro n\u011b tento den symboliku \u017eivota.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nicaragua
\n<\/b><\/span>Den mrtv\u00fdch v Nikaragui se slav\u00ed na h\u0159bitov\u011b tak, \u017ee se v noci sp\u00ed vedle hrob\u016f sv\u00fdch mrtv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Honduras, Kostarika a Kolumbie
\n<\/b><\/span>V t\u011bchto zem\u00edch v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed h\u0159bitovy, aby p\u0159inesli tzv. \u201cromer\u00edas de amor\u201d, co\u017e nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e j\u00eddlo jako symbol vd\u011b\u010dnosti za laskavost poskytovanou svat\u00fdmi ve prosp\u011bch mrtv\u00fdch. Proto v obou zem\u00edch p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed lid\u00e9 1. listopadu na h\u0159bitovy s korunami a palmami, aby ozdobili hroby a vzdal hold t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e ode\u0161li.<\/span><\/p>\n

Panama
\n<\/b><\/span>V Panam\u011b neexistuje tradice Dne mrtv\u00fdch, ale domy a obchody se zdob\u00ed fale\u0161n\u00fdmi pavu\u010dinami a \u010darod\u011bjnicemi. Prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed se masky a p\u0159evleky. Lid\u00e9 chod\u00ed tan\u010dit a pozd\u011bji jsou za to hodnoceni. Mohou vyhr\u00e1t zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 ceny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Paraguay, Uruguay
\n<\/b><\/span>M\u00edstn\u00ed oslavy jsou velmi jednoduch\u00e9, p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad s Mexikem. Nos\u00ed se kv\u011btiny na h\u0159bitov a zapaluj\u00ed se sv\u00ed\u010dky. Doma lid\u00e9 zdob\u00ed olt\u00e1\u0159e s v\u011bcmi, kter\u00e9 m\u011bli mrtv\u00ed v oblib\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Ve\u010dern\u00ed rozj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed nad hroby ve spole\u010dnosti rodiny a mrtv\u00fdch.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Zdroje foto:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Consejos para fotos de cementerios de noche. 30.10.2015. Online: <\/span>http:\/\/micursodefotografia.com\/consejos-para-fotos-de-cementerios-de-noche\/
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[2] Bakrevski, K.: 41 Dazzling and Macabre D\u00eda de los Muertos Photos from the Streets of Mexico City, 07.11.2016. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/www.everfest.com\/magazine\/dia-de-los-muertos-photos-2016<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sv\u00e1tek V\u0161ech Svat\u00fdch, jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b, je dnes oslavov\u00e1n v \u0159ad\u011b zem\u00ed cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. U n\u00e1s mu lidov\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me Du\u0161i\u010dky a podobn\u011b jako u n\u00e1s se tato tradice – vzpom\u00ednka na v\u0161echny zesnul\u00e9, dodr\u017euje s mal\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly ve v\u0161ech \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Nejinak je tomu i v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe. Asi zn\u00e1te bondovku Spectre, kde se za\u010d\u00e1tek odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v Mexiku za bou\u0159liv\u00e9ho vesel\u00ed a oslav D\u00eda de los Muertos – Dne Mrtv\u00fdch – jako p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed pam\u00e1tky zesnul\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1586,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[5,50],"class_list":["post-1584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cestovani","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-ritualy"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1584"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2457,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584\/revisions\/2457"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1586"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1584"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1584"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1584"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}