{"id":1784,"date":"2023-05-06T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-05T22:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=1784"},"modified":"2023-03-20T10:16:03","modified_gmt":"2023-03-20T09:16:03","slug":"nejstarsi-telefon-mela-kultura-chimu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2023\/05\/06\/nejstarsi-telefon-mela-kultura-chimu\/","title":{"rendered":"El tel\u00e9fono m\u00e1s antiguo era de la cultura Chim\u00fa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Peru se m\u016f\u017ee pochlubit celou \u0159adou kuriozit. Pramen\u00ed tady nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0159eka sv\u011bta – Amazonka, nebo zde najdete i jedno z nejv\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00fdch jezer sv\u011bta s n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed dopravou – jezero Titicaca. Ale mimo tyto geografick\u00e9 zaj\u00edmavosti, tu existuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 prastar\u00e9 z\u00e1zraky, kter\u00e9 o stovky let pozd\u011bji zp\u016fsobily revoluci v na\u0161em zp\u016fsobu komunikace. S nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed se jedn\u00e1 o <\/b>nejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad telefonn\u00ed technologie na z\u00e1padn\u00ed polokouli a p<\/b>och\u00e1z\u00ed z obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed 1200 a\u017e 1400 lety!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"\"Z\u00e1hadn\u00fd objekt byl nalezen na peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed ve star\u00fdch ruin\u00e1ch pou\u0161tn\u00edho m\u011bsta Chan Chan, [1] ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho m\u011bsta na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/span> Tento telefon bud\u00ed \u00fa\u017eas starobylou vynal\u00e9zavost\u00ed a p\u0159ekvapuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo ho poprv\u00e9 vid\u00ed. Toto delik\u00e1tn\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je d\u016fkazem impozantn\u00ed inovace pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch m\u011bst kultury Chim\u00fa v \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky Moche na severu Peru.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ramiro Matos<\/b>,[2] kur\u00e1tor N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea americk\u00fdch indi\u00e1n\u016f (NMAI), \u0159ekl: <\/span>“Je to jedine\u010dn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo nalezeno pouze jedno. Jedn\u00e1 se o v\u011bdom\u00ed domorod\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti bez p\u00edsemn\u00e9ho jazyka.”<\/span><\/i> Prvn\u00ed “telefony” byly zjevn\u011b primitivn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro p\u0159enos hlasu, velmi podobn\u00e9 “prov\u00e1zkov\u00e9mu telefonu”, kter\u00fd je zn\u00e1m\u00fd u\u017e stovky let a kter\u00fd se stal popul\u00e1rn\u00edm v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed. Skl\u00e1dal se obecn\u011b z plechovek spojen\u00fdch prov\u00e1zkem. Star\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed kultury Chim\u00fa je vyrobeno ze dvou v\u00ed\u010dek d\u00fdn\u011b spojen\u00fdch dlouh\u00fdm provazem. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z d\u00fdn\u00ed o d\u00e9lce 8,9 centimetr\u016f je pota\u017eena prysky\u0159ic\u00ed a p\u016fsob\u00ed jako vys\u00edla\u010d, a p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d zvuku. 22,8 metru bavln\u011bn\u00e9ho lanka je p\u0159ipojeno k jej\u00edm konc\u016fm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jednoduch\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161lo na sv\u011bt o tis\u00edc let d\u0159\u00edve. <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Artefakt, jedin\u00fd sv\u00e9ho druhu, p\u0159edb\u011bhl telefonick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum z roku 1833 (kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00ednal tak\u00e9 neelektrick\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fdm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm) o v\u00edce ne\u017e tis\u00edc let. Nalezen\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 k\u0159ehk\u00e9 pro fyzick\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale v\u011bdci jsou schopni sestavit repliku a ov\u011b\u0159it tak jeho funkci. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, to, co z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ve f\u00e1zi spekulac\u00ed je, k \u010demu toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010cimu\u00e1nci pou\u017e\u00edvali? Jak\u00fd byl jeho \u00fa\u010del?\u00a0<\/span>Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee kultura Chim\u00fa byla zn\u00e1ma pro svoji elit\u00e1\u0159skou spole\u010dnost, je logick\u00e9, \u017ee pouze nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda nebo kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed mohli m\u00edt takov\u00fd cenn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, tvrd\u00ed Matos. Kr\u00e1sn\u00fd telefon se zd\u00e1nlivou kouzelnou schopnost\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et hlasy skrze prostor, aby byl sly\u0161et p\u0159\u00edmo v uchu p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010de, byl <\/span>“n\u00e1stroj ur\u010den\u00fd pro vysokou \u00farove\u0148 komunikace,” <\/span><\/i>\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Matos.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mohl b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n slu\u017eebn\u00fdmi nebo elitou pro komunikaci mezi m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi pal\u00e1ci nebo uvnit\u0159 komor a p\u0159eds\u00e1l\u00ed. Vl\u00e1dci tak nemuseli m\u00edt st\u00e1l\u00fd osobn\u00ed kontakt, p\u0159esto zachovali st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zaru\u010dovali bezpe\u010dnost m\u011bsta a st\u00e1tu. Stejn\u011b jako mnoho jin\u00fdch starov\u011bk\u00fdch div\u016f mohlo toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fungovat tak, aby ohromilo v\u011brn\u00e9 a poddan\u00e9. Zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 hlasy vyd\u00e1van\u00e9 z mal\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu mus\u00ed p\u0159ekvapit a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit lidi o v\u00fdznamu a postaven\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch elit nebo kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dimu\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho telefonu s d\u011btskou hra\u010dkou, tak jak ji zn\u00e1me my. Jsou si velmi podobn\u00e9.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Artefakt byl kdysi v dr\u017een\u00ed barona <\/span>Walrama V. von Schoelera<\/b>, prusk\u00e9ho aristokrata. Byl to m\u00e1lo obl\u00edben\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, \u010dasto popisov\u00e1n jako dobrodruh ve stylu Indiana Jonese. B\u011bhem t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let se z\u00fa\u010dastnil mnoha vykop\u00e1vek v Peru a mohl tento p\u0159\u00edstroj odkr\u00fdt v ruin\u00e1ch Chan Chan on s\u00e1m. Baron pozd\u011bji rozd\u011blil svou sb\u00edrku mezi n\u011bkolik muze\u00ed a telefon nakonec skon\u010dil v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9m skladovac\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea americk\u00fdch Indi\u00e1n\u016f v Marylandu,[3] ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. S artefaktem se zde zach\u00e1z\u00ed velmi opatrn\u011b – je uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n v prost\u0159ed\u00ed s \u0159\u00edzenou teplotou, jako jeden z velk\u00fdch poklad\u016f muzea.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chim\u00fa jako pokro\u010dil\u00e1 in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Matos, antropolog a archeolog specializuj\u00edc\u00ed se na studium centr\u00e1ln\u00edch And, dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee <\/span>“\u010cimu\u00e1nci byli zku\u0161en\u00ed, tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed lid\u00e9.” <\/span><\/i>Jejich spole\u010dnost byla schopn\u00e1 i ve stroj\u00edrenstv\u00ed. To lze dok\u00e1zat na zavla\u017eovac\u00edch syst\u00e9mech pomoc\u00ed hydraulick\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f a jejich vysoce detailn\u00ed metalurgi\u00ed s v\u00fdrobou velmi komplikovan\u00fdch artefakt\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u010cimu\u00e1nsk\u00fd telefon a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u017easn\u00fdch starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee z na\u0161eho pohledu primitivn\u00ed kultury byly schopn\u00e9 n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch vyn\u00e1lez\u016f, n\u00e1pad\u016f a v\u00fdtvor\u016f dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e si je vysnili na\u0161e “sofistikovan\u00e9” modern\u00ed spole\u010dnosti (n\u011bkdy i podruh\u00e9)…<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] St\u011bhule, T.: Chan Chan \u2013 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 m\u011bsto sv\u011bta. tom-stehule.com. 05\/01\/2017. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2017\/01\/05\/chan-chan-nejvetsi-staroveke-mesto-sveta\/
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[2] Ramiro Matos Mendieta. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramiro_Matos_Mendieta
\n<\/span><\/a><\/span>[3] National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI). Online: <\/span>http:\/\/www.nmai.si.edu<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span><\/span>[4] Leafloor, L.: Tel\u00e9fono de 1.200 a\u00f1os, es el m\u00e1s antiguo en occidente y es Peruano. lagranepoca.com. 25\/09\/2015. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/www.lagranepoca.com\/ciencia-y-tecnologia\/explorando-enigmas\/19671-telefono-de-1-200-anos-increible-invento-de-la-antigua-civilizacion-chimu.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Per\u00fa presume de numerosas curiosidades. Aqu\u00ed nace el r\u00edo m\u00e1s caudaloso del mundo, el Amazonas, o se encuentra uno de los lagos m\u00e1s altos del mundo con tr\u00e1fico mar\u00edtimo: el lago Titicaca. Pero m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de estas curiosidades geogr\u00e1ficas, hay otras maravillas antiguas menos conocidas que cientos de a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s revolucionaron nuestra forma de comunicarnos. Se trata, con toda probabilidad, de los ejemplos m\u00e1s antiguos de tecnolog\u00eda telef\u00f3nica del hemisferio occidental y datan de hace entre 1.200 y 1.400 a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1788,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[34,8,82,5,4,6,43],"class_list":["post-1784","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-archeologie","tag-chan-chan","tag-chimu","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-peru","tag-trujillo","tag-zahady"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":true,"content":false,"excerpt":true}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1784","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1784"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1784\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4711,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1784\/revisions\/4711"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1788"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1784"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1784"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}