{"id":1810,"date":"2022-01-01T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-31T23:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=1810"},"modified":"2021-12-20T13:25:46","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T12:25:46","slug":"zmeny-v-nabozenske-mape-latinske-ameriky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2022\/01\/01\/zmeny-v-nabozenske-mape-latinske-ameriky\/","title":{"rendered":"Zm\u011bny v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 map\u011b Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se n\u011bkter\u00e9 zraky lid\u00ed up\u00edraj\u00ed k Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe jako k posledn\u00ed prav\u00e9 ba\u0161t\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00edry. Poj\u010fme se tedy spole\u010dn\u011b pod\u00edvat na to, jak se v\u00edra na tomto kontinent\u011b vyv\u00edj\u00ed. Rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn v obdob\u00ed od \u0159\u00edjna 2013 do \u00fanora 2014. Pr\u016fzkum byl proveden v 18 zem\u00edch a tak\u00e9 na americk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed v Portoriku.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Spole\u010dn\u011b tyto zem\u011b a Portoriko tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 95% celkov\u00e9 populace Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky. Pr\u016fzkum se uskute\u010dnil pod z\u00e1\u0161titou organizace Pew Forum, [<\/span>1<\/span>] kter\u00e1 analyzuje n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zm\u011bny a jej\u00ed dopady na spole\u010dnost po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. V listopadu roku 2014 organizace zve\u0159ejnila \u00faplnou zpr\u00e1vu s v\u00fdsledky tohoto pr\u016fzkumu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
18 zem\u00ed Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, ve kter\u00fdch se uskute\u010dnil pr\u016fzkum organizace Pew.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Zdroj: [1]<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

B\u011bhem 50 let poklesl po\u010det katol\u00edk\u016f o 20%!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historick\u00e9 \u00fadaje nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee po v\u011bt\u0161inu dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, od roku 1900 a\u017e do roku 1960 bylo nejm\u00e9n\u011b 90% obyvatel Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky katolick\u00e9ho vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed. V roce 1910 bylo odhadov\u00e1no, \u017ee 94% v\u0161ech Latinoameri\u010dan\u016f bylo katol\u00edk\u016f a pouze asi 1% byli protestanti. Podle \u00fadaj\u016f ze s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu z Braz\u00edlie a Mexika a historick\u00fdch odhad\u016f z datab\u00e1ze sv\u011btov\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, pod\u00edl katol\u00edk\u016f za\u010dal klesat v regionu od po\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle nov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu se odhaduje, \u017ee dnes je 69% obyvatel Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky katolick\u00e9ho vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed, zat\u00edmco 19% pat\u0159\u00ed k protestantsk\u00fdm c\u00edrkv\u00edm a 8% jsou n\u00e1bo\u017eensky nevyhran\u011bn\u00ed (ateist\u00e9, agnostici atd.). Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed 4% zahrnuj\u00ed sv\u011bdky Jehovovy, mormony, muslimy, hinduisty, \u017eidy, spiritualisty a p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eence afroamerick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed (Umbanda, Kandomble, atd.). Odklon od tradi\u010dn\u00ed katolick\u00e9 v\u00edry zaznamenalo nap\u0159\u00edklad i Mexiko, kde vznikl kult p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenc\u016f tzv. Svat\u00e9 smrti (La Santa Muerte). [2][3]<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katolick\u00e1 c\u00edrkev v\u0161ak t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech sledovan\u00fdch zem\u00edch utrp\u011bla ztr\u00e1ty kv\u016fli n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, kdy se \u010d\u00e1st obyvatelstva p\u0159ipojila k c\u00edrkvi evangelick\u00e9 nebo letni\u010dn\u00edm v\u00edr\u00e1m, a nebo ji zcela opustila, a k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e se nehl\u00e1s\u00ed. <\/span>Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, obdob\u00ed mezi lety 1970 a 2014 je poznamen\u00e1no v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm poklesem procenta katol\u00edk\u016f t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech sledovan\u00fdch zem\u00edch – od 47 bodov\u00e9ho poklesu v Hondurasu a\u017e po 5 procentn\u00edch bod\u016f v Paraguayi (Tab. 1).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e9n\u011b katol\u00edk\u016f, v\u00edce protestant\u016f<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt Braz\u00edlie, kde se v letech 1970 a\u017e 2010 po\u010det evangel\u00edk\u016f zv\u00fd\u0161il z 5% na 20% a katol\u00edci naopak zaznamenali propad, z 92% na 68%. Mnoho sou\u010dasn\u00fdch Latinoameri\u010dan\u016f – v\u010detn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho procenta katol\u00edk\u016f a protestant\u016f – se hl\u00e1s\u00ed k v\u00edr\u00e1m a praktik\u00e1m \u010dasto spojen\u00fdch s afro-karibsk\u00fdmi, afro-brazilsk\u00fdmi nebo domorod\u00fdmi n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edmi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00edce jak t\u0159etina dosp\u011bl\u00fdch v ka\u017ed\u00e9 zkouman\u00e9 zemi v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohou vrhat kletby nebo kouzla, kter\u00e1 pak zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed \u0161kody. V\u00edra v \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed a reinkarnaci jsou tak\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 a ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b zem\u00ed v n\u011bj v\u011b\u0159\u00ed p\u0159es 20% obyvatel. Li\u0161\u00ed se snad jen postupy p\u0159i uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ateistick\u00e1 Uruguay<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaj\u00edmavou zem\u00ed, vymykaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b, je podle pr\u016fzkumu Uruguay. Je nejv\u00edce sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed zem\u00ed Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky. Pro p\u0159edstavu, 37% Uruguajc\u016f nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo jsou to ateist\u00e9 \u010di agnostici. V \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 latinskoamerick\u00e9 zemi, kter\u00e1 byla zahrnuta do v\u00fdzkumu, nedosahuje ateismus ani 20%!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Tab.1 ukazuje pokles katol\u00edk\u016f mezi lety 1970 -2014.          Zdroj [1]<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

V Uruguayi m\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed od st\u00e1tu dlouhou historii. V roce 1861 vl\u00e1da zn\u00e1rodnila h\u0159bitovy po cel\u00e9 zemi a p\u0159eru\u0161ila jejich vztahy s c\u00edrkvemi. Brzy pot\u00e9 vl\u00e1da zak\u00e1zala, aby c\u00edrkve m\u011bly roli ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159i uzav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed s\u0148atk\u016f. Sekularizace pokra\u010dovala i ve 20. stolet\u00ed. Nov\u00e1 \u00fastava zakotvila odd\u011blen\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed od ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, odkazy na Boha byly odstran\u011bny z parlamentn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsahy a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 odkazy byly vypu\u0161t\u011bny i ze jmen m\u011bst a obc\u00ed.[4] <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dnes m\u00e1 Uruguay zdaleka nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 anga\u017eovanosti mezi dotazovan\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi. M\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e t\u0159etina jej\u00edch obyvatel (28%) zast\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1zor, \u017ee v jejich \u017eivot\u011b je n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00e1lo Uruguajc\u016f se denn\u011b modl\u00ed (29%) nebo nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed t\u00fddenn\u00ed bohoslu\u017eby (pouze 13%). V sousedn\u00ed Braz\u00edlii se naopak 61% dosp\u011bl\u00fdch hl\u00e1s\u00ed, \u017ee se denn\u011b modl\u00ed a 45% chod\u00ed na bohoslu\u017eby alespo\u0148 jednou t\u00fddn\u011b. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud jde o soci\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zory a postoje k mor\u00e1lce, Uruguay trvale vystupuje za sv\u016fj liberalismus. Je to jedin\u00e1 zem\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina ve\u0159ejnosti up\u0159ednost\u0148uje, aby p\u00e1ry stejn\u00e9ho pohlav\u00ed mohly leg\u00e1ln\u011b uzav\u0159\u00edt man\u017eelstv\u00ed (62%), a kde a\u017e polovina dosp\u011bl\u00fdch (54%) tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee potrat by m\u011bl b\u00fdt leg\u00e1ln\u00ed ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. <\/span>A nakonec je to tak\u00e9 jedin\u00e1 zem\u011b v regionu, kde v\u011bt\u0161ina (57%) \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017een\u0161t\u00ed v\u016fdci by nem\u011bli m\u00edt v politick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze podotknout, \u017ee k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 v\u00edra se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 postupn\u011b drolit a rozm\u011bl\u0148ovat na \u00fakor jin\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch sm\u011br\u016f nebo ateismu a jen budouc\u00ed v\u00fdvoj n\u00e1m uk\u00e1\u017ee, jak to Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriku ovlivn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Religion in Latin America. 13.11.2014. pewforum.org. Online: <\/span>http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2014\/11\/13\/religion-in-latin-america\/
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[2] St\u011bhule, T.: V Mexiku v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed podivn\u00fd kult smrti. 18.11.2017. tom-stehule.com. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2017\/11\/18\/v-mexiku-vitezi-podivny-kult-smrti\/
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[3] St\u011bhule, T.: Mexiko: Podivuhodn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly smrti. 10.03.2017. tom-stehule.com. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2017\/03\/10\/mexiko-podivuhodne-ritualy-smrti\/
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[4] Alanis, Walter and Santiago Altieri. 2011. \u201cFamily Law in Uruguay.\u201d Kluwer Law International, page 96.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se n\u011bkter\u00e9 zraky lid\u00ed up\u00edraj\u00ed k Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe jako k posledn\u00ed prav\u00e9 ba\u0161t\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00edry. Poj\u010fme se tedy spole\u010dn\u011b pod\u00edvat na to, jak se v\u00edra na tomto kontinent\u011b vyv\u00edj\u00ed. Rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn v obdob\u00ed od \u0159\u00edjna 2013 do \u00fanora 2014. Pr\u016fzkum byl proveden v 18 zem\u00edch a tak\u00e9 na americk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed v Portoriku.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2060,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[5,83,50,30,61],"class_list":["post-1810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cestovani","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-nabozenstvi","tag-ritualy","tag-samanismus","tag-sekty"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1810"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1810\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4009,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1810\/revisions\/4009"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2060"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1810"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}