{"id":2155,"date":"2021-06-19T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-18T22:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2155"},"modified":"2021-06-19T10:59:33","modified_gmt":"2021-06-19T08:59:33","slug":"sest-mytu-o-objeveni-ameriky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2021\/06\/19\/sest-mytu-o-objeveni-ameriky\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160est m\u00fdt\u016f o objeven\u00ed Ameriky"},"content":{"rendered":"

12.\u0159\u00edjna je datum, kter\u00e9 je v mnoha zem\u00edch sv\u011bta oslavov\u00e1no jako den, kdy v roce 1492 Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus poprv\u00e9 doplul do Ameriky. V \u0159ad\u011b hisp\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch m\u00e1 tento den r\u016fzn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no. Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku je to \u201cN\u00e1rodn\u00ed den \u0160pan\u011blska\u201d, v dal\u0161\u00edch latinskoamerick\u00fdch zem\u00edch je to nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201cDen Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba\u201d, \u201cDen respektu a kulturn\u00ed rozmanitosti\u201d nebo \u201cDen domorod\u00e9 rezistence\u201d.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Sv\u00e1tek se uchytil b\u011bhem dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, zpo\u010d\u00e1tku spont\u00e1nn\u011b a neofici\u00e1ln\u011b, jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka nov\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed identity, kter\u00e1 byla produktem kontakt\u016f mezi domorod\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody Ameriky a \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdmi koloniz\u00e1tory. Kolem tohoto data existuje mnoho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f a legend. Poj\u010fme se na \u0161est nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u00fdt\u016f ohledn\u011b objeven\u00ed tohoto kontinentu pod\u00edvat podrobn\u011bji. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kolumbus neobjevil Ameriku<\/b><\/b>
\n<\/b>V mnoha \u0161kol\u00e1ch na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b se d\u011bti u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee 12. \u0159\u00edjna 1492 byl u\u010din\u011bn \u201eobjev\u201c Ameriky. Zapom\u00edn\u00e1 se ale na to, \u017ee kdy\u017e Kolumbus dorazil na americkou p\u016fdu, existovalo tam u\u017e n\u011bkolik vyvinut\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed, jako byli Inkov\u00e9 nebo Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9, p\u0159ed nimo Mayov\u00e9, Tolt\u00e9kov\u00e9 \u010di Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9, nemluv\u011b o indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch civilizac\u00edch Severn\u00ed Ameriky. Tyto n\u00e1rody se samostatn\u011b vyv\u00edjely, a to od p\u0159\u00edchodu prvn\u00edch lid\u00ed na kontinent p\u0159ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b 14 000 lety!\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Naopak, p\u0159\u00edchod Kolumba do Ameriky byl pouze po\u010d\u00e1tkem dobyt\u00ed tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e1 celou cestu financovala.
\n<\/span><\/span>\u00dadaje hovo\u0159\u00ed samy za sebe: podle \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho imperi\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fa\u0159adu pro podporu a regulaci obchodu s Nov\u00fdm sv\u011btem (Casa de Contrataci\u00f3n), v pr\u016fb\u011bhu prvn\u00edch 150 let po roce 1492, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 lod\u011b p\u0159epravily do \u0160pan\u011blska 181 tis\u00edc kilogram\u016f zlata a 16 milion\u016f kilogram\u016f st\u0159\u00edbra! Jednalo se o nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed loupe\u017e v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch sv\u011bta!<\/span><\/p>\n

Kolumbus nebyl prvn\u00ed Evropan, kter\u00fd do Ameriky doplul
\n<\/b><\/span>I kdy\u017e byla diskuse mezi \u201cobjevem\u201d a \u201cdobyt\u00edm\u201d vy\u0159e\u0161ena u\u017e d\u00e1vno, existuje je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e1 kontroverze. R\u016fzn\u00ed archeologov\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed, \u017ee Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus nebyl prvn\u00ed Evropan, kter\u00fd Ameriky dos\u00e1hl. Na kanadsk\u00e9m ostrov\u011b New Foundland byly nalezeny vikingsk\u00e9 osady z doby nejm\u00e9n\u011b 500 let p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edjezdem \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch lod\u00ed! Tak\u00e9 nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee lod\u011b z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie a Polyn\u00e9sie mohly kontinentu dos\u00e1hnout daleko p\u0159ed Kolumbem. I kdy\u017e sice do\u0161lo k \u201cobjeven\u00ed\u201d Ameriky Vikingy, nedo\u0161lo k takov\u00fdm \u201ckontakt\u016fm\u201d p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edch s m\u00edstn\u00edmi obyvateli, aby to zanechalo stopu v genofondu Indi\u00e1n\u016f. V DNA americk\u00e9 populace nen\u00ed stopa po ciz\u00edm ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed, a\u017e do doby p\u0159\u00edchodu Kolumbovy v\u00fdpravy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kolumbus nedoplul do Ameriky 12. \u0159\u00edjna
\n<\/b><\/span>I kdy\u017e to vypad\u00e1 neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b, t\u0159\u00ed lod\u011b pod velen\u00edm admir\u00e1la Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba nedorazily k Bahamsk\u00fdm b\u0159eh\u016fm v dob\u011b, kter\u00e1 se zapsala do historie. Je to zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee v roce 1492 byl st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n Julij\u00e1nsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159,[1] kter\u00fd byl vytvo\u0159en je\u0161t\u011b za dob \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e <\/span>Julia Caesara<\/b>. Tento kalend\u00e1\u0159 toti\u017e vytvo\u0159il \u010dasovou prodlevu, kter\u00e1 byla opravena a\u017e 90 let po p\u0159\u00edchodu Kolumba do Ameriky, v roce 1582.
\n<\/span><\/span>Tehdy pape\u017e <\/span>\u0158eho\u0159 XIII.<\/b> zavedl syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd a\u017e dosud ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b zem\u00ed sv\u011bta. Tato zm\u011bna by znamenala pro rok objeven\u00ed n\u00e1hl\u00fd posun data ze 4. \u0159\u00edjna na 15. \u0159\u00edjna. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu by datum p\u0159\u00edjezdu Kolumba do Ameriky bylo ve skute\u010dnosti 20. nebo 21. \u0159\u00edjna 1492.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kolumbus podvedl sv\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edky <\/b>
\n<\/span>Po opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Puerto de Palos, navig\u00e1to\u0159i vedeni Kolumbem (ostatn\u011b, \u0159ada z nich byla zlod\u011bji a podvodn\u00edky), m\u011bli prioritn\u00ed c\u00edl: vyd\u011blat pen\u00edze. Proto jako motiva\u010dn\u00ed pob\u00eddku \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed katoli\u010dt\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 sl\u00edbili odm\u011bnu 10 000 maraved\u016f (tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 m\u011bna) prvn\u00edmu \u010dlov\u011bku, kter\u00fd spat\u0159\u00ed novou zemi. <\/span>
\n<\/span>Jak bylo zaznamen\u00e1no v Kolumbov\u011b den\u00edku, n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk <\/span>Rodrigo de Triana<\/b> byl prvn\u00ed, kdo spat\u0159il na obzoru pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pozd\u011bji admir\u00e1l p\u0159i\u0161el s dal\u0161\u00ed verz\u00ed, v n\u00ed\u017e uji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee to byl on s\u00e1m, kdo spat\u0159il n\u011bkolik hodin p\u0159edt\u00edm ostrov, kde se vylod\u00ed. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem si n\u00e1rokoval i odm\u011bnu, co\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zap\u0159\u00ed\u010dinilo, \u017ee Rodrigo de Triana opustil \u0160pan\u011blsko a stal se pir\u00e1tem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kolumbus byl katolick\u00fdmi kr\u00e1li zat\u010den
\n<\/b><\/span>Navzdory sv\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm a dobyt\u00edm ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch \u0160pan\u011blska Kolumbus v roce 1500 ud\u011blal velkou chybu. Jako vicekr\u00e1l ostrova Hispaniola (nyn\u00ed Haiti a Dominik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 republika) byl obvin\u011bn ze zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0161patn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s lidmi a nepotismu (syst\u00e9m, kdy jsou do kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch funkc\u00ed dosazov\u00e1ni p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed).
\n<\/span>To vyvolalo povst\u00e1n\u00ed proti n\u011bmu a proto \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 poslali velitele <\/span>Francisco de Bobabilla<\/b>, aby potla\u010dil reb\u00e9lii. Kdy\u017e ten dorazil na ostrov, na\u0161el administrativu v tak stra\u0161liv\u00e9m stavu, \u017ee se rozhodl zatknout Kolumba a jeho dva bratry – Bartolom\u011bje a Diega – a ihned je poslat k soudu do \u0160pan\u011blska. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jen jedna latinskoamerick\u00e1 zem\u011b neoslavuje 12. \u0159\u00edjna
\n<\/b><\/span>Jak jsem zm\u00ednil v \u00favodu \u010dl\u00e1nku, i kdy\u017e je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro tento den v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00e9, nepochybn\u011b odkazuje na to, co tento den znamen\u00e1. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad v Chile se jmenuje \u201c<\/span>Den setk\u00e1n\u00ed dvou sv\u011bt\u016f<\/span><\/i>\u201d, zat\u00edmco v Argentin\u011b a\u017e do roku 2010 byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n n\u00e1zev \u201c<\/span>Den rasy<\/span><\/i>\u201d, kter\u00fd byl ale zm\u011bn\u011bn na \u201c<\/span>Den respektu a kulturn\u00ed rozmanitosti<\/span><\/i>\u201d. Nebo ve Venezuele je den od roku 2002 naz\u00fdv\u00e1n \u201c<\/span>Dnem domorod\u00e9ho odporu<\/span><\/i>\u201d.
\n<\/span><\/span>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b existuje jedna zem\u011b na americk\u00e9m kontinentu, kde se toto datum neoslavuje: Kuba. Nam\u00edsto toho na ostrov\u011b oslavuj\u00ed 10. \u0159\u00edjna, kdy za\u010dala prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lka za nez\u00e1vislost Kuby na \u0160pan\u011blsku v roce 1868. Tato v\u00e1lka tehdy skon\u010dila pro nez\u00e1vislost Kuby \u0161patn\u011b. To u\u017e je ale jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. [3]<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]Juli\u00e1nsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juli\u00e1nsk\u00fd_kalend\u00e1\u0159<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[2] Col\u00f3n Apresado Y Encarcelado Por Bobadilla. historiadelnuevomundo.com. Online: <\/span>http:\/\/www.historiadelnuevomundo.com\/index.php\/2010\/09\/colon-apresado-y-encarceldo-por-bobadilla\/<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[3] Guerra de los Diez A\u00f1os. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_de_los_Diez_A\u00f1os<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[4] Mayor, S.: Seis mitos sobre Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n y su llegada a Am\u00e9rica. rt.com. 12.10.2016. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.rt.com\/4qjj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

12.\u0159\u00edjna je datum, kter\u00e9 je v mnoha zem\u00edch sv\u011bta oslavov\u00e1no jako den, kdy v roce 1492 Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus poprv\u00e9 doplul do Ameriky. V \u0159ad\u011b hisp\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch m\u00e1 tento den r\u016fzn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no. Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku je to \u201cN\u00e1rodn\u00ed den \u0160pan\u011blska\u201d, v dal\u0161\u00edch latinskoamerick\u00fdch zem\u00edch je to nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201cDen Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba\u201d, \u201cDen respektu a kulturn\u00ed rozmanitosti\u201d nebo \u201cDen domorod\u00e9 rezistence\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2157,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[7,5,88,68],"class_list":["post-2155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-krystof-kolumbus","tag-spanelsko"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2155"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3891,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2155\/revisions\/3891"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2157"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}