{"id":2256,"date":"2018-08-11T00:10:09","date_gmt":"2018-08-10T22:10:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2256"},"modified":"2018-08-07T22:11:44","modified_gmt":"2018-08-07T20:11:44","slug":"tema-osidleni-ameriky-znovu-budi-emoce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2018\/08\/11\/tema-osidleni-ameriky-znovu-budi-emoce\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e9ma os\u00eddlen\u00ed Ameriky znovu bud\u00ed emoce"},"content":{"rendered":"

Byla Amerika os\u00eddlena p\u0159ed 15 000 lety, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 teorie a nebo tomu bylo daleko d\u0159\u00edve? A\u010dkoliv obecn\u011b zaveden\u00e1 teorie o os\u00eddlen\u00ed americk\u00e9ho kontinentu je \u0161iroce zn\u00e1m\u00e1, ob\u010das se vyskytnou kontroverzn\u00ed n\u00e1zory a teorie, kter\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zu, zn\u00e1mou jako \u201cClovis First\u201d, zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed. Nejinak se tomu stalo ned\u00e1vno, kdy v\u011bdeck\u00e1 skupina kolem archeologa Carlose Aschera ozn\u00e1mila n\u00e1lez d\u016fkaz\u016f z doby p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 tis\u00edci lety\u2026<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Za\u010dnu mo\u017en\u00e1 trochu ze\u0161iroka. Asi hodinu j\u00edzdy od peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Trujillo se v \u00fadol\u00ed Chicama nach\u00e1z\u00ed starobyl\u00e1, 30 metr\u016f vysok\u00e1, impozantn\u00ed pyramida, dnes n\u00e1le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed ke komplexu El Brujo, o kter\u00e9m jsem ji\u017e psal v minulosti.[1]\u00a0<\/span>Naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se Huaca Prieta.<\/span> Podle nov\u00e9 studie americk\u00e9ho archeologa <\/span>Toma Dillehaye<\/b> toti\u017e bylo jej\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed dlouho zakop\u00e1no hluboko pod n\u00ed.
\n<\/span><\/span>To d\u011bl\u00e1 z tohoto m\u00edsta jedno z nejstar\u0161\u00edch archeologick\u00fdch nalezi\u0161\u0165 v Americe a nazna\u010duje, \u017ee prvn\u00ed migranti v regionu se mohli p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b pohybovat pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch vor\u016f. V\u011bdec m\u011bl zpo\u010d\u00e1tku z\u00e1jem o pr\u016fzkum samotn\u00e9ho kopce. Ale geologov\u00e9 v jeho t\u00fdmu cht\u011bli studovat p\u016fdorys pyramidy, tak\u017ee “jsme \u0161li dol\u016f,” vysv\u011btlil pozd\u011bji Dillehay.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nejhlub\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkop se kopal cel\u00fdch 5 let a dosahuje \u00factyhodn\u00fdch 31 metr\u016f. I kdy\u017e to mo\u017en\u00e1 zn\u00ed \u0161\u00edlen\u011b, p\u0159esto tyto hlubok\u00e9 vrstvy obsahovaly stopy lidsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce: kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, kosti zv\u00ed\u0159at a rostlinn\u00e9 poz\u016fstatky, je\u017e zanechali n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nejstar\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch americk\u00fdch osadn\u00edk\u016f! Radiokarbonov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza nalezen\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f prok\u00e1zala, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 15 000 let starou z\u00e1le\u017eitost.\u00a0<\/span>Tento n\u00e1lez p\u0159isp\u011bl k tomu, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci maj\u00ed za to, \u017ee by Huaca Prieta m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ipojena k mal\u00e9mu, ale st\u00e1le rostouc\u00edmu seznamu m\u00edst, je\u017e by sv\u00fdmi n\u00e1lezy, star\u0161\u00edmi v\u00edce ne\u017e 14 tis\u00edc let, mohly zm\u011bnit vizi v\u011bdc\u016f o nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00edch Ameri\u010danech.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Archeologov\u00e9 si dosud mysleli, \u017ee prvn\u00ed lid\u00e9 se do Ameriky dostali ze Sibi\u0159e p\u0159es zamrzlou Beringovu \u00fa\u017einu, p\u0159ed asi 13 000 lety.\u00a0<\/span>V posledn\u00edch letech v\u0161ak dob\u0159e zdokumentovan\u00e9 star\u0161\u00ed lokality, jako je Monte Verde v Chile,[2] p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dily v\u011bt\u0161inu archeolog\u016f, \u017ee lid\u00e9 se do Ameriky dostali u\u017e p\u0159ed 14.500 lety, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee by museli proj\u00edt Kanadou dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e tam existoval ledov\u00fd koridor. To by jim ponechalo jednu logickou cestu do Ameriky: na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Pacifiku. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o novou hypot\u00e9zu, bohu\u017eel prozat\u00edm bez p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNov\u00fd n\u00e1lez nen\u00ed dost star\u00fd na to, aby dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee prvn\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li po pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed,\u201d<\/span><\/i> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 samotn\u00fd Dillehay, kter\u00fd tak\u00e9 pracoval na vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1ch v Monte Verde. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ale zp\u011bt k pyramid\u011b Huaca Prieta. Krom\u011b st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1m toti\u017e poskytuje i podrobn\u00fd sn\u00edmek o \u017eivot\u011b na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed za velmi star\u00fdch \u010das\u016f. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 \u017eili v p\u0159echodn\u00fdch t\u00e1borech, v mok\u0159adech, kde krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho jedli avok\u00e1do, chilli, m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161e, \u017eraloky a r\u016fzn\u00e9 ptactvo.\u00a0<\/span>Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee Dillehay nenalezl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 o\u0161t\u011bpy, s\u00edt\u011b ani harpuny. Ale m\u00e1 podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee je tehdej\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 nepot\u0159ebovali, proto\u017ee bou\u0159ky, kter\u00e9 zas\u00e1hly mo\u0159skou hladinu, zp\u016fsobily z\u00e1plavy hluboko do vnitrozem\u00ed. Tam po nich z\u016fstaly baz\u00e9ny pln\u00e9 mo\u0159sk\u00fdch tvor\u016f. Pak je lovci mohli jednodu\u0161e chytit, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Dillehay.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A\u017e potud se v\u011bdeck\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce pohybuje v p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch mantinelech v duchu teorie \u201cClovis First\u201d. Ale 18. kv\u011btna 2018 p\u0159i\u0161la medi\u00e1ln\u00ed smr\u0161\u0165 v podob\u011b informace, \u017ee byly objeveny nov\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o p\u0159\u00edtomnosti lid\u00ed v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe dokonce ji\u017e p\u0159ed 40 000 lety (nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 verze CNN).[3]<\/span><\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va informuje, \u017ee t\u00fdm argentinsk\u00fdch archeolog\u016f pod veden\u00edm <\/span>Carlose Aschera<\/b> nalezl v oblasti zvan\u00e9 Antofagasta de la Sierra, v argentinsk\u00e9 provincii Catamarca, trsy lidsk\u00fdch vlas\u016f, stejn\u011b jako kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje.[4] Jedn\u00e1 se o jeskyni, kde mimo jin\u00e9 byly nalezeny i skaln\u00ed malby a obrazy, a dal\u0161\u00ed kulturn\u00ed zbytky z jin\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. St\u00e1\u0159\u00ed t\u011bchto poz\u016fstatk\u016f bylo datov\u00e1no v laborato\u0159\u00edch ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a v t\u011bchto t\u00fddnech se \u010dek\u00e1 na dal\u0161\u00ed laboratorn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Jeskyn\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve vysokohorsk\u00e9m ekosyst\u00e9mu, zvan\u00e9m Puna, a odpov\u00edd\u00e1 tomu i zdej\u0161\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed.[5] To je pom\u011brn\u011b krut\u00e9 – studen\u00e9 a such\u00e9 podneb\u00ed, s \u010dast\u00fdmi teplotami pod 0 \u00b0C. Mo\u017en\u00e1 i d\u00edky tomu z\u016fstaly nalezen\u00e9 stopy zachov\u00e1ny zmrzl\u00e9 a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
T\u00fdm Carlose Aschera, kter\u00fd stoj\u00ed za objevem. Zdroj [7]<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>Ji\u017e se ozvalo n\u011bkolik v\u011bdeck\u00fdch kapacit, nap\u0159\u00edklad argentinsk\u00fd antropolog a horolezec <\/span>Christian Vitry<\/b>,<\/span> kter\u00fd zd\u016fraznil, \u017ee objev zah\u00e1j\u00ed novou a bou\u0159livou diskusi ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b o osudu teorie \u201cClovis First\u201d. <\/span>“Nen\u00ed nijak drobnou skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee v severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Argentin\u011b existuje n\u00e1lez star\u00fd 40 tis\u00edc let, kdy\u017e nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy m\u00e1me kolem 11 a 12 tis\u00edc let,” <\/span><\/i>\u0159ekl.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud i dal\u0161\u00ed testy potvrd\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1lez\u016f, tak to v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zpochybn\u00ed teorii o tom, \u017ee americk\u00fd kontinent za\u010dal b\u00fdt ob\u00fdv\u00e1n lidmi asi p\u0159ed 15 tis\u00edci lety. Vitry je antropolog, specializuj\u00edc\u00ed se na archeologii, a tak\u00e9 pracuje jako profesor geografie a biologick\u00fdch v\u011bd. V\u011bnoval roky studiu vysokohorsk\u00fdch svatyn\u00ed a archeologick\u00fdch cest.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fkaz, \u017ee Puna byla ob\u00fdv\u00e1na ji\u017e p\u0159ed 40 000 lety, ot\u0159ese z\u00e1klady v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed o historii \u010dlov\u011bka v Americe!<\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Av\u0161ak je t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, zpochyb\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed obecn\u011b p\u0159ijat\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 os\u00eddlen\u00ed, tu byly u\u017e d\u0159\u00edve. Nap\u0159. n\u00e1lezy v jeskyni Bluefish Caves v kanadsk\u00e9m Yukonu jsou datov\u00e1ny na 24.000 let p\u0159. n.l., co\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee ojedin\u011bn\u00e9 skupiny osadn\u00edk\u016f pronikaly na americk\u00fd kontinent u\u017e deset tis\u00edc let d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se tak d\u011blo masov\u011b, po posledn\u00ed dob\u011b ledov\u00e9.[6]<\/span><\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy budou pochopiteln\u011b zkoum\u00e1ny a mus\u00ed proj\u00edt ohn\u011bm kritiky. Bude nutn\u00e9 odli\u0161it masov\u00e9 a ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 migra\u010dn\u00ed toky. N\u011bco jin\u00e9ho jsou jednotliv\u00e9 stopy po os\u00eddlen\u00ed v Severn\u00ed Americe, ne\u017e nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1lez v Argentin\u011b. Je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by skupina lid\u00ed pro\u0161la nepozorovan\u011b cel\u00fd americk\u00fd kontinent a nezanechala po sob\u011b nikde jinde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 stopy. A tak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry vy\u017eaduj\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy. N\u00e1lez samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mus\u00ed vylou\u010dit n\u00e1mitky, na kter\u00e9 p\u0159ijde i \u00fapln\u00fd laik v archeologii – t\u0159eba mo\u017en\u00e9 kontaminace n\u00e1lezov\u00e9 situace pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi lidsk\u00fdmi aktivitami, co\u017e u\u017e n\u00e1m historie n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t p\u0159edvedla.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pravdou ov\u0161em je, \u017ee z t\u011bchto senza\u010dn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v \u010dasto \u010derpaj\u00ed hlavn\u011b spekulativn\u00ed weby, tahaj\u00edc\u00ed pak \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e za nos. Jednak jim to zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnost, a jejich auto\u0159i sprost\u011b parazituj\u00ed na skute\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci v\u011bdc\u016f a vytrh\u00e1vaj\u00ed ze souvislost\u00ed zat\u00edm neov\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 fakta. Pro\u010d to d\u011blaj\u00ed? Jedni si \u010din\u00ed reklamu na svoji cestovn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159 po z\u00e1hadn\u00e9m jihoamerick\u00e9m kontinentu (nap\u0159. Hidden Inka Tours), dal\u0161\u00ed sb\u00edraj\u00ed senzace pro sv\u00e9 knihy (nap\u0159. Graham Hancock), a jin\u00ed spekuluj\u00ed se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem pro prodej reklamy na sv\u00e9m webu. (nap\u0159. Suene\u00e9). Co na tom, \u017ee zpr\u00e1vy se d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji up\u0159esn\u00ed a dopln\u00ed, a ze senza\u010dn\u00edho sd\u011blen\u00ed za p\u00e1r t\u00fddn\u016f nezbyde zhola nic. Nikdo u\u017e nebude \u010d\u00edst obs\u00e1hl\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy archeolog\u016f, uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1lez do pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00fdch vztah\u016f a souvislost\u00ed, ale bombastick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy se st\u00e1le budou p\u0159ipom\u00ednat. Nyn\u00ed s obvykl\u00fdm dov\u011btkem, \u017ee p\u0159evratn\u00e9 informace jsou zatajov\u00e1ny a potla\u010dov\u00e1ny. <\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] St\u011bhule, T.:Na n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b u D\u00e1my z Cao. tom-stehule.com. 09.06.2018. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2018\/06\/09\/na-navsteve-u-damy-z-cao\/<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[2] Monte Verde. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monte_Verde<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[3] Encuentran la evidencia humana m\u00e1s antigua de Argentina (y quiz\u00e1 de Am\u00e9rica Latina). cnnespanol.cnn.com. 18.05.2018. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cnnespanol.cnn.com\/2018\/05\/18\/encuentran-la-evidencia-humana-mas-antigua-de-argentina-y-quiza-de-america-latina\/#0<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[4] Antofagasta de la Sierra. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antofagasta_de_la_Sierra<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[5] Puna. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puna<\/span><\/a>
\n<\/span>[6] \u00a0Bluefish Caves. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluefish_Caves<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Foto:
\n<\/span>[7] Ferrer, P.:\u00a0Hallan evidencia de que la Puna estuvo habitada hace 40 mil a\u00f1os.\u00a0eltribuno.com. 18.05.2018. Online:\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/www.eltribuno.com\/salta\/nota\/2018-5-18-0-0-0-hallan-evidencia-de-que-la-puna-estuvo-habitada-hace-40-mil-anos<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Byla Amerika os\u00eddlena p\u0159ed 15 000 lety, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 teorie a nebo tomu bylo daleko d\u0159\u00edve? A\u010dkoliv obecn\u011b zaveden\u00e1 teorie o os\u00eddlen\u00ed americk\u00e9ho kontinentu je \u0161iroce zn\u00e1m\u00e1, ob\u010das se vyskytnou kontroverzn\u00ed n\u00e1zory a teorie, kter\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zu, zn\u00e1mou jako \u201cClovis First\u201d, zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed. Nejinak se tomu stalo ned\u00e1vno, kdy v\u011bdeck\u00e1 skupina kolem archeologa Carlose Aschera ozn\u00e1mila n\u00e1lez d\u016fkaz\u016f z doby p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 tis\u00edci lety\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2259,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[34,45,63,7,5,35,43],"class_list":["post-2256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-archeologie","tag-argentina","tag-chile","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-pyramidy","tag-zahady"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2256"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2264,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256\/revisions\/2264"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2259"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}