{"id":2490,"date":"2018-12-08T00:10:03","date_gmt":"2018-12-07T23:10:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2490"},"modified":"2018-11-18T19:50:07","modified_gmt":"2018-11-18T18:50:07","slug":"tzompantli-jako-obraz-kruteho-mexickeho-kultu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2018\/12\/08\/tzompantli-jako-obraz-kruteho-mexickeho-kultu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tzompantli jako obraz krut\u00e9ho mexick\u00e9ho kultu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V mexick\u00e9m hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Mexiko City byla v roce 2015 vykop\u00e1na z dvoumetrov\u00e9 hloubky zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed azt\u00e9ck\u00e1 stavba. <\/strong>V z\u00e1kladech tohoto m\u011bsta toti\u017e spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jin\u00e9, daleko star\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto – Tenochtitl\u00e1n, proslul\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Azt\u00e9k\u016f. To bylo doslova \u0161pan\u011blskou conquistou zadup\u00e1no do zem\u011b, nebo\u0165 <\/strong>pro n\u011b bylo spojen\u00edm v\u0161eho \u010f\u00e1belsk\u00e9ho. Mo\u017en\u00e1 i stavba, kter\u00e1 byla objevena, p\u0159isp\u011bla sv\u00fdm d\u00edlem k z\u00e1niku m\u011bsta.<\/strong>
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Stavba se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Tzompantli<\/strong>, co\u017e v jazyce n\u00e1huatl (jazyk Azt\u00e9k\u016f) znamen\u00e1 \u201c\u0159ada lebek\u201d. Jednalo se o opravdu hr\u016fzn\u00fd n\u00e1lez, jeliko\u017e stavba byla vybudov\u00e1na z tis\u00edc\u016f lebek, \u00fahledn\u011b srovnan\u00fdch do podoby zdi. Byla objevena odborn\u00edky z INAH (Instituto Nacional de Antropolog\u00eda e Historia, nebo-li \u010desky N\u00e1rodn\u00ed institut antropologie a historie) v historick\u00e9m centru m\u011bsta Mexiko City, v t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti chr\u00e1mu Templo Mayor. Ten byl hlavn\u00ed dominantou azt\u00e9ck\u00e9ho Tenochtitl\u00e1nu.
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Infografika Tzompantli v Mexiko City. Zdroj:\u00a0
heraldodemexico.com.mx<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V Mexiku se j\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201cvelk\u00e1 Tzompantli\u201d kv\u016fli rozm\u011br\u016fm, kter\u00fdch dosahuje. Jej\u00ed d\u00e9lka p\u0159esahuje t\u0159icet \u010dty\u0159i metr\u016f, \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka je asi dvan\u00e1ct a\u017e \u010dtrn\u00e1ct metr\u016f, a je asi p\u011bt metr\u016f vysok\u00e1. V doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti m\u00e1 kruhovou strukturu. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o jak\u00fdsi dlouh\u00fd ob\u0159\u00ed stojan s nara\u017een\u00fdmi lebkami, kter\u00fd je dopln\u011bn\u00fd dv\u011bma v\u00e1lcovit\u00fdmi stavbami, je\u017e jsou sestaveny z velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch lebek.
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Ze\u010f lebek zvan\u00e1 Tzompantli. Zdroj: [5]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 takov\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159 vyrobit, byly v lebk\u00e1ch vytvo\u0159eny otvory, co\u017e umo\u017enilo  je vrstvit na sebe. K uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed boh\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edvaly hlavy nep\u0159\u00e1tel, a to za \u00fa\u010delem udr\u017een\u00ed plodnosti jejich plodin a usm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed hlavn\u00edho boha Azt\u00e9k\u016f, kter\u00fd se jmenoval Huitzilopochtli.[1] Ten byl bohem v\u00e1lky, Slunce, lidsk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed a tak\u00e9 patron m\u011bsta Tenochtitl\u00e1nu.
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Lebky byly \u0159azeny t\u011bsn\u011b vedle sebe. Zdroj: [5]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tzompantli byl zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm olt\u00e1\u0159em, kde byli lid\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 vyb\u00edr\u00e1ni k tomu, aby vykonali pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00fd ritu\u00e1l. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed nejprve odstranili no\u017eem srdce ob\u011bti, kter\u00e9 um\u00edstili do kamenn\u00e9 krabice zvan\u00e9 cuauxicalli, aby ho pozd\u011bji sn\u011bdli. Pot\u00e9 byly mrtvol\u00e1m useknuty hlavy, a hlavy byly zbaveny m\u011bkk\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00ed. Cel\u00fd ritu\u00e1l kon\u010dil ob\u0159adn\u00edm um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm lebky na olt\u00e1\u0159 Tzompantli. Byl to trochu jin\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, ne\u017e ten zn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd na vrcholech azt\u00e9ck\u00fdch pyramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ritu\u00e1l p\u0159i kter\u00e9m byla useknut\u00e1 hlava um\u00edst\u011bna na olt\u00e1\u0159 Tzompantli. Zdroj: [5]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Je dobr\u00e9 podotknout, \u017ee 75% v\u0161ech lebek pat\u0159\u00ed mu\u017e\u016fm ve v\u011bku mezi 20-35 lety, kolem 20% pat\u0159\u00ed \u017een\u00e1m a dokonce je tam i 5% d\u011btsk\u00fdch lebek.
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Tento typ kultu byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n Azt\u00e9ky za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed, proto\u017ee to byl zp\u016fsob, jak zaplatit boh\u016fm, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bohu Huitzilopochtli. Tzompantli z Mexiko City nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd podobn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed olt\u00e1\u0159e um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1 nebo Tule.
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Model nap\u00edchnut\u00fdch hlav na\u00a0Tzompantli. Zdroj: [internet]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pro \u00faplnost je t\u0159eba doplnit, \u017ee prvn\u00ed azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 os\u00eddlen\u00ed m\u011bsta se datuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b mezi roky 1320 a\u017e 1350, ale s velkou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed zde ji\u017e existovalo n\u011bjak\u00e9 m\u011bsto. [2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e se v roce 1521 vylodil Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9z<\/strong>, byly po urputn\u00fdch a krvav\u00fdch boj\u00edch s Azt\u00e9ky zbo\u0159eny prakticky v\u0161echny domy v Tenochtitl\u00e1nu. Po sv\u00e9m v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed dovolil Cort\u00e9s obyvatel\u016fm m\u011bsta voln\u00fd odchod a brzy se za\u010dalo s opravou m\u011bsta. Kan\u00e1ly byly zasyp\u00e1v\u00e1ny ruinami budov, byly opraveny ulice a z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dva m\u011bs\u00edce po dobyt\u00ed, se mohli op\u011bt vr\u00e1tit p\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 Tenochtitl\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 si z trosek azt\u00e9ck\u00fdch staveb, vybudovali v centru nov\u00fd pal\u00e1c a dali tak vzniknout nov\u00e9mu m\u011bstu postaven\u00e9mu z popela toho star\u00e9ho. N\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo zbytk\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00edho m\u011bsta pat\u0159\u00ed od roku 1987 ke Sv\u011btov\u00e9mu d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO. Zbytek modern\u00edho m\u011bsta m\u00e1 dnes obrovsk\u00fd probl\u00e9m s nedostatkem vody a k p\u016fvodn\u00edmu konceptu azt\u00e9ck\u00e9ho m\u011bsta propojen\u00e9ho vodn\u00edmi kan\u00e1ly m\u00e1 na m\u00edle daleko.[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:
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[1]Huitzilopochtli. Wikipedia. Online:  https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huitzilopochtli<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Tenochtitl\u00e1n. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenochtitl\u00e1n<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] St\u011bhule, T.: Mexico City: probl\u00e9m jm\u00e9nem voda. tom-stehule.com. 17.02.2018. Online: https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2018\/02\/17\/mexico-city-problem-jmenem-voda\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Gallardo, R.; Viridiana, V.: \u00bfQu\u00e9 es Tzompantli? 27.08.2015. Online: https:\/\/prensadigitalup.wordpress.com\/2015\/08\/27\/que-es-tzompantli\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Sacrificios humanos mexicas. El Espa\u00f1ol Digital. Online: https:\/\/www.xn--elespaoldigital-3qb.com\/sacrificios-humanos-mexicas\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V mexick\u00e9m hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Mexiko City byla v roce 2015 vykop\u00e1na z dvoumetrov\u00e9 hloubky zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed azt\u00e9ck\u00e1 stavba. V z\u00e1kladech tohoto m\u011bsta toti\u017e spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jin\u00e9, daleko star\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto – Tenochtitl\u00e1n, proslul\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Azt\u00e9k\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2495,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[62,21,111,5,97,49,50],"class_list":["post-2490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-aztekove","tag-conquista","tag-cortez","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-kmeny","tag-mexiko","tag-ritualy"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2490"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2501,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2490\/revisions\/2501"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}