{"id":2547,"date":"2019-02-02T00:10:20","date_gmt":"2019-02-01T23:10:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2547"},"modified":"2019-01-04T17:37:06","modified_gmt":"2019-01-04T16:37:06","slug":"valka-o-zelene-peklo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2019\/02\/02\/valka-o-zelene-peklo\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e1lka o Zelen\u00e9 peklo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Lidsk\u00e1 historie je pln\u00e1 boj\u016f a r\u016fzn\u00fdch politick\u00fdch zvrat\u016f. Po\u010d\u00ednaje velk\u00fdmi d\u011bjinn\u00fdmi konflikty, kter\u00e9 dob\u0159e zn\u00e1me z historie, p\u0159es ty men\u0161\u00ed a men\u0161\u00ed, a\u017e takov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho Evropana t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 m\u00edjej\u00ed. Jednou z takov\u00fdch bitev byla ta o Gran Chaco. O jej\u00edm smyslu jsou vedeny spory a \u010dasto se \u0159ad\u00ed k p\u0159\u00edklad\u016fm zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, i kdy\u017e je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za <\/strong> jeden z nejkrvav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vojensk\u00fdch konflikt\u016f, kter\u00fd byl v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe vybojov\u00e1n<\/strong>. Mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159ekvap\u00ed, \u017ee tato v\u00e1lka byla zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 i z pohledu \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/strong>
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Konfliktu se z\u00fa\u010dastnily dv\u011b nejchud\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b regionu – Paraguay a Bol\u00edvie, jejich\u017e vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 v\u00e1lka byla pro Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriku nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm konfliktem 20. stolet\u00ed. Oblast Gran Chaco<\/strong>, m\u00edstn\u00edmi jinak naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 Zelen\u00e9 peklo<\/em> nebo Chaco Boreal<\/em> je \u00fazemn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se p\u0159es \u00fazem\u00ed n\u011bkolika st\u00e1t\u016f. Je jednou z nejv\u00edce nehostinn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed jihoamerick\u00e9ho kontinentu. Je to obrovsk\u00e1 polopou\u0161\u0165, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b neob\u00fdvan\u00e1 ploch\u00e1 zem\u011b o rozloze v\u00edce jak 647 tis\u00edc \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch kilometr\u016f. Zahrnuje severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Argentiny, odkud pokra\u010duje na severoz\u00e1pad Paraguaye a d\u00e1le na jihov\u00fdchod Bol\u00edvie a malou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zasahuje na jihoz\u00e1pad Braz\u00edlie.
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Sporn\u00e1 oblast Chaco Boreal. Foto: [wikipedia]<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e1lka mezi Paraguay\u00ed a Bol\u00edvi\u00ed byla zp\u016fsobena historick\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe. D\u00edky Druh\u00e9 tichomo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce o ledek, ztratila Bol\u00edvie sv\u00e9 pacifick\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed.[1] Aby z\u00edskala p\u0159\u00edstup do Atlantick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch tok\u016f, za\u010dala osidlovat pr\u00e1v\u011b oblasti \u201cZelen\u00e9ho pekla\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paraguay vedly k tomuto \u00fazem\u00ed podobn\u00e9 d\u016fvody. B\u011bhem v\u00e1lky s tzv. Trojitou alianc\u00ed (Braz\u00edlie, Argentina a Uruguay) utrp\u011bla \u00fazemn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty, a proto pova\u017eovala Chaco za p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k ekonomick\u00e9mu r\u016fstu. Tento zp\u016fsob uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bl k tomu, \u017ee se t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce n\u011bkdy \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 tak\u00e9 \u201cV\u00e1lka z touhy\u201d, \u0161pan\u011blsky La Guerra de la sed<\/em>, co\u017e doslovn\u011b znamen\u00e1 \u201c\u017e\u00edzniv\u00e1 v\u00e1lka.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spor se vedl o \u00fazem\u00ed severn\u00edho Chaco Boreal o rozloze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 tis\u00edc \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch mil (259 000 km\u00b2), le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed severn\u011b od \u0159eky Pilcomayo, a z\u00e1padn\u011b od \u0159eky Paraguay. Prvn\u00ed projevy nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed za\u010daly u\u017e v roce 1928 a to z\u00e1borem dvou pevnost\u00ed. Nejprve byla Paraguajci zabr\u00e1na a vyp\u00e1lena bolivijsk\u00e1 pevnost \u201cVanguardia\u201d, kter\u00e1 byla na sporn\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed od roku 1905. P\u0159i t\u00e9to akci zem\u0159elo 6 Bol\u00edvijc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jako odpov\u011b\u010f na tento akt Bol\u00edvijci zabrali paraguajskou pevnost \u201cBoquer\u00f3n\u201d. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto \u010dinu Paraguay podala st\u00ed\u017enost ke Spole\u010denstv\u00ed n\u00e1rod\u016f. To vydalo rezoluci a Bol\u00edvie byla donucena pevnost \u201cBoqueron\u201d opustit. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b Paraguajci museli znovu vystavit pevnost, kterou p\u0159edt\u00edm vyp\u00e1lili. 12. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1929 Paraguay a Bol\u00edvie podepsaly smlouvu o diplomatick\u00e9m \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed konfliktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vst\u0159\u00edc frontov\u00e9 linii. Foto: [http:\/\/www.histarmar.com.ar]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aby se situace je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce zkomplikovala, 25. \u0159\u00edjna 1929 p\u0159i\u0161el \u010cern\u00fd p\u00e1tek, kter\u00fd byl spou\u0161t\u011b\u010dem sv\u011btov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize a citeln\u011b zas\u00e1hl i ekonomiky Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky. Po mnoho let byl dovoz (ve v\u0161ech jeho sm\u011brech) nezbytn\u00fd k uspokojen\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch trh\u016f jihoamerick\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Tak\u00e9 z\u00e1vislost na p\u0159\u00edtomnosti zahrani\u010dn\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu ve v\u0161ech sf\u00e9r\u00e1ch pr\u016fmyslu v t\u011bchto zem\u00edch byla zcela bez pochyb. Vybi\u010dov\u00e1ni kriz\u00ed, bylo zabr\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9 oblasti z ekonomick\u00e9ho hlediska zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 pro ob\u011b strany, nav\u00edc podpo\u0159en\u00e9 spekulacemi, \u017ee v Gran Chaco by mohlo b\u00fdt bohat\u00e9 nalezi\u0161t\u011b ropy. Tyto spekulace s velkou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily v d\u016fsledku konkuren\u010dn\u00edho boje dv\u011b ropn\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Byly to Royal Dutch Shell, spolupracuj\u00edc\u00ed s Paraguay\u00ed, a Standard Oil of New Jersey (dnes Exxon-Mobil), kter\u00e1 naopak m\u011bla sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy v Bol\u00edvii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V dubnu 1930 se p\u0159esto poda\u0159ilo Paraguayi s Bol\u00edvi\u00ed uzav\u0159\u00edt dohodu, \u017ee si dobyt\u00e9 pevnosti vym\u011bn\u00ed zp\u011bt, a skute\u010dn\u011b – 23. \u010dervence 1930 byly dobyt\u00e9 pevnosti vym\u011bn\u011bny. I p\u0159es tento symbolick\u00fd akt nebyla podeps\u00e1na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00e1 dohoda o kone\u010dn\u00e9m m\u00edru, a bylo u\u017e jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pomysln\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd poh\u00e1r p\u0159etekl – za\u010dalo hore\u010dn\u00e9 zbrojen\u00ed na obou stran\u00e1ch. Naplno se konflikt rozho\u0159el v roce 1932, i kdy\u017e Paraguay ofici\u00e1ln\u011b vyhl\u00e1sila v\u00e1lku teprve 10. kv\u011btna 1933.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bez koment\u00e1\u0159e. Foto: [http:\/\/www.histarmar.com.ar]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

B\u011bhem t\u0159\u00edlet\u00e9 v\u00e1lky mobilizovala Bol\u00edvie 250 tis\u00edc a Paraguay 120 tis\u00edc voj\u00e1k\u016f. V bolivijsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b byla p\u0159\u00edtomna \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 mise a slou\u017eilo v n\u00ed i mnoho d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f n\u011bmeck\u00e9 c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Jej\u00edm hlavn\u00edm velitelem byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd gener\u00e1l Hans Kundt<\/strong>. V ozbrojen\u00fdch slo\u017ek\u00e1ch Paraguaye tvo\u0159ili poradce b\u011blogvard\u011bj\u0161t\u00ed gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 Ivan B\u011blajev<\/strong> a Nicolas Ern<\/strong> a d\u016fstojn\u00edci z arm\u00e1dy rusk\u00e9ho barona Pjotra Nikolajevi\u010de Wrangela<\/strong>. V n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvu a letectvu pak p\u016fsobili ital\u0161t\u00ed instrukto\u0159i. To bylo hlavn\u011b proto, \u017ee d\u011blov\u00e9 \u010dluny ARP Paraguay a ARP Humait\u00e1 byly vyrobeny v It\u00e1lii. Tak\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed letectvo bylo tvo\u0159eno v\u00fdhradn\u011b italsk\u00fdmi letouny Macchi M.18, Savoia-Marchetti S.59 a CANT 10.

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Bol\u00edvijsk\u00e1 kulometn\u00e1 obrana. Foto: [http:\/\/www.histarmar.com.ar]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku ozbrojen\u00e9ho konfliktu na tom byla Bol\u00edvie \u201cpap\u00edrov\u011b\u201d l\u00e9pe. M\u011bla pen\u00edze d\u00edky t\u011b\u017eb\u011b ropy, a tak\u00e9 disponovala v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a l\u00e9pe vybavenou arm\u00e1dou. M\u011bla lep\u0161\u00ed letadla. Ov\u0161em \u0159ada faktor\u016f tento stav oto\u010dila, a tak Bol\u00edvie v\u00e1lku nakonec prohr\u00e1la. Ob\u011b zem\u011b tak\u00e9 \u010delily nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm p\u0159i z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vojska, doprav\u011b zbran\u00ed a vojensk\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu na frontu, proto\u017ee chyb\u011bla kvalitn\u00ed infrastruktura a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm cesty. Celkov\u00e1 situace vojsk byla chaotick\u00e1 a nedost\u00e1valo se vybaven\u00ed. Bol\u00edvie, kter\u00e1 pro z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed fronty vyu\u017e\u00edvala letadla, nem\u011bla pad\u00e1ky a tak munici a dal\u0161\u00ed proviant shazovala jen tak. Z\u00e1soby se p\u0159i shozu samoz\u0159ejm\u011b po\u0161kodily. V\u00e1lka prob\u00edhala v n\u00ed\u017einat\u00fdch ba\u017ein\u00e1ch a d\u017eungl\u00edch, na kterou nebyly bol\u00edvijsk\u00e9 jednotky zvykl\u00e9, proto b\u011bhem konfliktu zahynulo na 60 tis\u00edc bol\u00edvijsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, nejen na smrteln\u00e1 zran\u011bn\u00ed, ale i na r\u016fzn\u00e9 nemoci. Krom\u011b slab\u00e9 mor\u00e1lky, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch branc\u016f poch\u00e1zela z n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny Altiplano, a nebyli p\u0159ipraveni na takov\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Paraguay ve v\u00e1lce utrp\u011bla ztr\u00e1ty polovi\u010dn\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich voj\u00e1ci byli na tento druh boje l\u00e9pe p\u0159ipraveni.
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Bol\u00edvijsk\u00e9 letectvo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzdu\u0161nou p\u0159evahu, kterou Bol\u00edvie m\u011bla na za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00e1lky, aktivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvala. Pro pot\u0159eby bol\u00edvijsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy byly pou\u017eity n\u011bmeck\u00e1 letadla typu Junkers Ju 52. Jednalo se tak o prvn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u011bmeck\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch letadel je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou! <\/strong>Ve strategii bol\u00edvijsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy se vyu\u017eit\u00ed letadel omezovalo hlavn\u011b na zpravodajskou a z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed \u010dinnost, a\u010dkoliv velen\u00ed letectva mohlo vyu\u017e\u00edt letadla k plo\u0161n\u00e9mu strategick\u00e9mu bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159esto to neud\u011blalo. Po bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed pevnosti \u201cPuerto Casado\u201d p\u0159i\u0161lo varov\u00e1n\u00ed ze strany Argentiny, kter\u00e1 Bol\u00edvii pohrozila, \u017ee pokud bude zabit\u00fd jedin\u00fd argentinsk\u00fd ob\u010dan, ponese Bol\u00edvie n\u00e1sledky odvety. To u\u017e by bylo pro chudou zemi p\u0159\u00edli\u0161.
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Junkers Ju 52 byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd t\u0159\u00edmotorov\u00fd transportn\u00ed letoun, vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd v letech 1931 a\u017e 1952 pod ozna\u010den\u00edm Ju 52 \/ 3m. B\u011bhem t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let 20. stolet\u00ed byl Ju 52 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako civiln\u00ed a n\u00e1kladn\u00ed letadlo. B\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n n\u011bmeckou Luftwaffe pro p\u0159epravu voj\u00e1k\u016f a kr\u00e1tce jako st\u0159edn\u00ed bombard\u00e9r. Celkem bylo postaveno 4845 letadel.<\/strong>
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Jeden z bol\u00edvijsk\u00fdch JU52, p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00fd “Huanuni” pou\u017eit\u00fd ve v\u00e1lce o Chaco. Pozd\u011bji v roce 1937 se z\u0159\u00edtil do d\u017eungle. Foto: [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u00edvijsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da vyu\u017e\u00edvala celou \u0159ada letoun\u016f, p\u0159evzat\u00fdch z civiln\u00edho letectv\u00ed. Zm\u00edn\u00edm jen n\u011bkter\u00e1 – Junkers Ju 52 – “Chorolque”, kter\u00fd se po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1936  z\u0159\u00edtil do ba\u017ein Tapacar\u00ed v regionu Cochabamba. Dal\u0161\u00edmi hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi letadly bolivijskou arm\u00e1dou byly \u010dty\u0159i letouny CB-17. Tato \u010dty\u0159i letadla typu Ju 52 p\u0159epravily 4400 tun n\u00e1kladu b\u011bhem dvou let, kdy byli b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky v provozu. Byly tak\u00e9 pou\u017eity k evakuaci ran\u011bn\u00fdch z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny. V\u0161echny \u010dty\u0159i byly upraveny na vojenskou verzi Ju 52 \/ 3mge a p\u0159e\u017eily konflikt bez \u00fahony. V roce 1935 se letadla Ju 52 vr\u00e1tily do civiln\u00ed slu\u017eby bol\u00edvijsk\u00fdch aerolini\u00ed LAB (Lloyd Aereo Boliviano). Dal\u0161\u00edm kouskem, kter\u00fd je dodnes k vid\u011bn\u00ed v N\u00e1rodn\u00edm muzeu letectv\u00ed (Museo Nacional de Aeronautica) v Buenos Aires je model CB-21 “Bolivar” v barv\u00e1ch Lineas Aereas del Estado – LADE a v expozici je vystaven jako T158 “Rio Negro”. Tento letoun slou\u017eil na konci v\u00e1lky o Gran Chaco a pozd\u011bji byl op\u011bt pou\u017eit k civiln\u00edmu l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed, kde fungoval a\u017e do roku 1959.[2]
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\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 stopa v Bol\u00edvii<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ceskoslovensko p\u0159ed druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou pat\u0159ilo ke \u0161pi\u010dce ve zbrojn\u00edm pr\u016fmyslu. Proto bylo nasnad\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt jihoamerick\u00fd konflikt k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed obchodn\u00edch zak\u00e1zek. Jak jsem zmi\u0148oval, v r\u00e1mci vojensk\u00e9 mise poskytlo \u010ceskoslovensko Bol\u00edvii p\u011bt arm\u00e1dn\u00edch poradc\u016f.[3] Z\u00e1rove\u0148 na\u0161e zem\u011b dod\u00e1vala bol\u00edvijsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b zbran\u011b ji\u017e od po\u010d\u00e1tku provokac\u00ed v roku 1928, \u010d\u00edm\u017e sjednotila jejich p\u011bchotn\u00ed v\u00fdzbroj. Na\u0161e zbran\u011b se v boj\u00edch osv\u011bd\u010dily, nav\u00edc m\u011bly n\u00edzkou poruchovost, a byly jednoduch\u00e9 na obsluhu. Bylo dod\u00e1no na 30 tis\u00edc pu\u0161ek vzor 24 s r\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 7,65 mm a 1300 lehk\u00fdch kulomet\u016f ZB vz.30. Krom\u011b toho bylo dod\u00e1no i dal\u0161\u00ed vybaven\u00ed. Uvedu jen nam\u00e1tkou – 400 kilometr\u016f t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho telefonn\u00edho kabelu, 80 telefon\u016f a 20 telefonn\u00edch \u00fast\u0159eden, batohy, z\u00e1sobn\u00edky atp.[4] Bol\u00edvie byla pro \u010ceskoslovensko t\u00e9 doby zaj\u00edmav\u00fd obchodn\u00ed partner. P\u0159esto bylo nutn\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt myslet i na svou dom\u00e1c\u00ed obranou politiku, proto\u017ee ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b pomalu za\u010d\u00ednala vyr\u016fstat dal\u0161\u00ed hrozba ze strany nacistick\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka.
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N\u011bkolik let po skon\u010den\u00ed konfliktu byla vyvr\u00e1cena mo\u017enost ropn\u00fdch vrt\u016f v oblasti, co\u017e vyvolalo pozornost vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporovaly v\u00e1lku, jako byly Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Ty podporovaly Paraguay vojensky a ekonomicky – a Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie, je\u017e podporovala Bol\u00edvii. Drah\u00fd a krvav\u00fd konflikt trval cel\u00e9 t\u0159i roky a skon\u010dil v roce 1935 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm Paraguaye, kter\u00e1 si nakonec p\u0159ipojila spornou oblast ke sv\u00e9mu \u00fazem\u00ed. T\u00edm se jej\u00ed rozloha zv\u011bt\u0161ila t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o 60%! Mimo \u00fazemn\u00ed zisk vedla v\u00e1lka k decimaci mu\u017esk\u00e9 populace obou bojuj\u00edc\u00edch zem\u00ed a zastaven\u00ed \u010di v lep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu zpomalen\u00ed rozvoje obou zem\u00ed na des\u00edtky let.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Zdroje:
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[1] Druh\u00e1 tichomo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Druh\u00e1_tichomo\u0159sk\u00e1_v\u00e1lka<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Lloyd A\u00e9reo Boliviano Fleet. Aircraft operated by LAB 1925-2010. Online: http:\/\/www.lloydaereobolivianofriends.com\/430683565 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 mise v Bol\u00edvii (1934\u20131935). Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1_vojensk\u00e1_mise_v_Bol\u00edvii_(1934\u20131935) <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Neferit, Sr.: Zapomenut\u00e1 v\u00e1lka s \u010deskoslovenskou \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed:v\u00e1lka o Gran Chaco. 07.12.2015. Online: https:\/\/rpgforum.cz\/forum\/viewtopic.php?t=13099 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] La Guerra del Chaco, el conflicto que enfrent\u00f3 a Bolivia y Paraguay por un petr\u00f3leo inexistente. notimerica.com. 10.05.2018. Online: https:\/\/www.notimerica.com\/sociedad\/noticia-guerra-chaco-conflicto-enfrento-bolivia-paraguay-petroleo-inexistente-20180510103148.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lidsk\u00e1 historie je pln\u00e1 boj\u016f a r\u016fzn\u00fdch politick\u00fdch zvrat\u016f. Po\u010d\u00ednaje velk\u00fdmi d\u011bjinn\u00fdmi konflikty, kter\u00e9 dob\u0159e zn\u00e1me z historie, p\u0159es ty men\u0161\u00ed a men\u0161\u00ed, a\u017e takov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho Evropana t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 m\u00edjej\u00ed. Jednou z takov\u00fdch bitev byla ta o Gran Chaco. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2611,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[45,58,7,5,115],"class_list":["post-2547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-argentina","tag-bolivie","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-paraguay"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2547","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2547"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2547\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2618,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2547\/revisions\/2618"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2547"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2547"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2547"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}