{"id":2697,"date":"2019-04-06T00:10:28","date_gmt":"2019-04-05T22:10:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2697"},"modified":"2019-03-27T19:58:24","modified_gmt":"2019-03-27T18:58:24","slug":"%ef%bb%bftajemstvi-uzlikoveho-pisma-kipu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2019\/04\/06\/%ef%bb%bftajemstvi-uzlikoveho-pisma-kipu\/","title":{"rendered":"\ufeffTajemstv\u00ed uzl\u00edkov\u00e9ho p\u00edsma Kipu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Inck\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byla nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1tem v&nbsp;p\u0159edkolumbijsk\u00e9 Americe, pod jej\u00ed\u017e vl\u00e1dou \u017eilo mnoho n\u00e1rod\u016f, a jej\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed se neust\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159ovalo. Obyvatelstvo \u010d\u00edtalo asi 10 milion\u016f lid\u00ed, a Inkov\u00e9 byli p\u016fvodn\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1ni pouze z\u00e1stupci vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy, tedy okolo 15 a\u017e 40 tis\u00edc privilegovan\u00fdch. Ovl\u00e1dali na svou dobu pom\u011brn\u011b pokro\u010dil\u00e9 technologie, z&nbsp;nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 byly p\u0159evzat\u00e9 od dobyt\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vybudovali rozs\u00e1hlou s\u00ed\u0165 silnic a zavla\u017eovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, sezn\u00e1mili se s&nbsp;matematikou a astronomi\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvali kalend\u00e1\u0159, prov\u00e1d\u011bli chirurgick\u00e9 operace. V&nbsp;ekonomice st\u00e1tu hr\u00e1l nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00falohu mnemotechnick\u00fd a po\u010d\u00edtac\u00ed syst\u00e9m Kipu (Quipu) \u2013 pro nezasv\u011bcen\u00e9 oby\u010dejn\u00fd svazek nit\u00ed a uzl\u016f upevn\u011bn\u00fdch na speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016f\u0159e. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee v&nbsp;kipu bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 za\u0161ifrovat cokoli &#8230; <\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dnes je zn\u00e1mo v\u00edce ne\u017e 800 kipu, z&nbsp;nich\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed maj\u00ed a\u017e 2000 nit\u00ed. Indi\u00e1ni pokra\u010dovali v&nbsp;pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kipu i po p\u00e1du Inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e &#8211; po \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 invazi. Tzv. <em>Kipukamayoki <\/em>\u2013 lid\u00e9, zodpov\u011bdn\u00ed za veden\u00ed evidence v&nbsp;kipu, sv\u011bd\u010dili nap\u0159\u00edklad u soud\u016f v&nbsp;majetkov\u00fdch sporech, a jejich sv\u011bdectv\u00ed se rovnala na\u0161im dokument\u016fm, vyhotoven\u00fdch na pap\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tato skute\u010dnost potvrzuje, \u017ee kipu fungovala jako mnemotechnick\u00e1 pom\u016fcka, kter\u00e1 pom\u00e1hala ur\u010den\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku vyvolat informace z&nbsp;pam\u011bti. Pouze ti, kte\u0159\u00ed je sestavovali, mohli \u010d\u00edst takov\u00e9 &#8220;z\u00e1znamy&#8221;. Kipu tak\u00e9 slou\u017eila k&nbsp;p\u0159enosu informac\u00ed po\u0161tou, nej\u010dast\u011bji jako soubor \u00fa\u010detn\u00edch dokument\u016f. Podle sou\u010dasn\u00fdch p\u0159edstav v\u011bt\u0161ina informac\u00ed, ulo\u017een\u00fdch v&nbsp;kipu, p\u0159edstavuje \u010d\u00edsla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Informace jsou zak\u00f3dov\u00e1ny nejen tvarem uzl\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 barvou vl\u00e1ken. Podle nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verze o funkci kipu, by barva mohla ozna\u010dovat t\u0159\u00eddu objekt\u016f uveden\u00fdch v&nbsp;&#8220;dopise&#8221; (nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010dern\u00e1 znamen\u00e1 \u010das, zelen\u00e1 znamen\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd voj\u00e1k). V&nbsp;roce 2005 se poprv\u00e9 objevila verze, \u017ee kipu m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat nejen \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 \u00fadaje, ale i text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"603\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/UNIDAD-6-01-Quipu-MCHAP-CMBE-PE-31.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2699\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/UNIDAD-6-01-Quipu-MCHAP-CMBE-PE-31.jpg 603w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/UNIDAD-6-01-Quipu-MCHAP-CMBE-PE-31-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><figcaption>Jedno z&nbsp;nalezen\u00fdch kipu o jeho\u017e rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se v\u011bdci st\u00e1le pokou\u0161ej\u00ed. Foto: internet.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V \u010dl\u00e1nku, publikovan\u00e9m v&nbsp;\u010dasopise Science [1], antropolog <strong>Gary Erton <\/strong>a matematik <strong>Kerry Brezin <\/strong>navrhli, \u017ee sekvence t\u0159\u00ed charakteristick\u00fdch &#8220;uzl\u016f v&nbsp;podob\u011b osmi\u010dky&#8221; v&nbsp;jednom kipu, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zak\u00f3dovan\u00e9 toponymum, jm\u00e9no tv\u016frce \u201edokumentu\u201c nebo n\u011bjak\u00fd objekt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dadaje o dosud zn\u00e1m\u00fdch kipu jsou ulo\u017eeny v&nbsp;datab\u00e1zi \u201eQuipu Database Project.\u201c [2] Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, existuj\u00ed i mal\u00e9 sb\u00edrky kipu, kter\u00e9 jsou ulo\u017eeny u potomk\u016f jejich tv\u016frc\u016f, jako rodinn\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Tyto &#8220;dokumenty&#8221; nejsou zahrnuty do datab\u00e1ze, a informace o jejich p\u0159esn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V roce 2015 byly dva takov\u00e9 kipu objeveny v&nbsp;Peru <strong>Sabinou Highlandovou<\/strong>, profesorkou antropologie na univerzit\u011b v&nbsp;St. Andrews.[3] Jejich nit\u011b jsou z&nbsp;vlny (bavln\u011bn\u00e9 nit\u011b byly \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed), tak\u017ee barvy na nich jsou dob\u0159e zachov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Na\u0161li jsme s\u00e9rii slo\u017eit\u00fdch barevn\u00fdch kombinac\u00ed mezi vl\u00e1kny. Na vl\u00e1knech je 14 barev, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed 95 jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vzor\u016f. Toto \u010d\u00edslo je srovnateln\u00e9 s&nbsp;po\u010dtem znak\u016f v&nbsp;syst\u00e9mech slabi\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u00edsma,&#8221; <\/em>\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Highlandov\u00e1. Slabi\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo je takov\u00fd druh p\u00edsma, kter\u00e9 zapisuje jednotliv\u00fdmi znaky cel\u00e9 slabiky. Antropolo\u017eka d\u00e1le vysv\u011btlila, \u017ee zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd po\u010det vzor\u016f je mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e na ostatn\u00edch kipu v&nbsp;t\u00e9to oblasti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad i p\u00edsmo star\u00fdch May\u016f je tak\u00e9 slabi\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kipu, kter\u00e9 bylo nalezeno, bylo vyrobeno v&nbsp;18.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed. To vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku: do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry tyto z\u00e1znamy souvis\u00ed s&nbsp;tradi\u010dn\u00edmi kipu z&nbsp;doby Inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, a nakolik se do jejich tvorby odrazilo ji\u017e abecedn\u00ed p\u00edsmo (nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina)? \u010cl\u00e1nek o jejich v\u00fdzkumu byl publikov\u00e1n v&nbsp;\u010dasopise Current Anthropology. Sabine Highland i nad\u00e1le pokra\u010duje v&nbsp;jejich v\u00fdzkumu.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zdroje:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Urton, G. \u2013 Brezine, C.J.: Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru. Science, &nbsp;12.8.&nbsp;2005. Vol. 309, Issue 5737, pp. 1065-1067. Online: <a href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/309\/5737\/1065\">http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/309\/5737\/1065<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Quipu Database Project. Harvard Un. Online: &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/khipukamayuq.fas.harvard.edu\/index.html\">http:\/\/khipukamayuq.fas.harvard.edu\/index.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] Sabine Hyland: Writing with Twisted Cords: The Inscriptive Capacity of Andean Khipus. The University of Chicago Press Journals, 29.9.2016. Online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/full\/10.1086\/691682\">https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/full\/10.1086\/691682<\/a> <br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Inck\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byla nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1tem v&nbsp;p\u0159edkolumbijsk\u00e9 Americe, pod jej\u00ed\u017e vl\u00e1dou \u017eilo mnoho n\u00e1rod\u016f, a jej\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed se neust\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159ovalo. Obyvatelstvo \u010d\u00edtalo asi 10 milion\u016f lid\u00ed, a Inkov\u00e9 byli p\u016fvodn\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1ni pouze z\u00e1stupci vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy, tedy okolo 15 a\u017e 40 tis\u00edc privilegovan\u00fdch. Ovl\u00e1dali na svou dobu pom\u011brn\u011b pokro\u010dil\u00e9 technologie, z&nbsp;nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 byly p\u0159evzat\u00e9 od dobyt\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2698,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[13,5,4,121,16,43],"class_list":["post-2697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zahady","tag-inkove","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-peru","tag-quipu","tag-tahuantinsuyo","tag-zahady"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2697","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2697"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2697\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2700,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2697\/revisions\/2700"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2698"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}