{"id":2751,"date":"2019-05-04T00:10:24","date_gmt":"2019-05-03T22:10:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2751"},"modified":"2019-08-28T08:26:34","modified_gmt":"2019-08-28T06:26:34","slug":"%ef%bb%bfjak-alkohol-pomohl-udrzet-prvni-andske-imperium-u-moci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2019\/05\/04\/%ef%bb%bfjak-alkohol-pomohl-udrzet-prvni-andske-imperium-u-moci\/","title":{"rendered":"\ufeffJak alkohol pomohl udr\u017eet prvn\u00ed andsk\u00e9 imperium u moci"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>P\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety se t\u00e1hla nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d cel\u00fdm Peru \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Wari. Byla obrovsk\u00e1, asi 1380 kilometr\u016f pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Peru. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed &#8211; pokr\u00fdvala oblast dne\u0161n\u00edho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed USA, od New Yorku k&nbsp;Jacksonville na Florid\u011b. Trvala 500 let, od roku 600 do 1100 n.l., tedy daleko p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e byla nakonec pohlcena Inckou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">500 let trv\u00e1n\u00ed je pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho na to, aby takov\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e z\u016fstala pohromad\u011b. Archeologov\u00e9 zkoumaj\u00ed zbytky kultury Wari (nebo jinak naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Huarijsk\u00e9 kultury), aby zjistili, co ji dod\u00e1valo impuls a zachov\u00e1valo celistvost. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee nov\u00e1 studie p\u0159inesla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd faktor, kter\u00fd by mohl pomoci tuto skute\u010dnost objasnit. Kl\u00ed\u010dem k&nbsp;udr\u017een\u00ed takov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byly pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b st\u00e1l\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky piva! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee byly pou\u017eity jen p\u0159\u00edsady, kter\u00e9 lze vyp\u011bstovat i v&nbsp;such\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed zdroje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro va\u0159en\u00ed piva chicha umo\u017enily, \u017ee pivo mohlo proudit i v&nbsp;t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch \u010dasech. Spolehliv\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky piva vyroben\u00e9ho z&nbsp;bobul\u00ed pep\u0159e tak mohly pomoci udr\u017eet prvn\u00ed andskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Nov\u011b proveden\u00e1 studie n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pochopit, jak mohlo pivo udr\u017eovat p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9 politick\u00e9 organizace,&#8221;<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 <strong>Ryan Williams<\/strong>, p\u0159idru\u017een\u00fd kur\u00e1tor, antropolog z&nbsp;Fieldova muzea v&nbsp;Chicagu a tak\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed autor nov\u00e9 studie v&nbsp;oblasti udr\u017eitelnosti. <em>&#8220;Byli jsme schopni aplikovat nov\u00e9 technologie, abychom zachytili informace o tom, jak se vyr\u00e1b\u011blo star\u00e9 pivo a co pro spole\u010dnost znamenalo v&nbsp;minulosti.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>Huarijsk\u00e1 kultura va\u0159ila lehk\u00fd, kysel\u00fd druh piva chicha, kter\u00fd p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b pili, ale kter\u00fd tak\u00e9 hr\u00e1l z\u00e1kladn\u00ed roli v&nbsp;ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch ob\u0159adech a p\u0159i politick\u00fdch shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edch, kdy ho na znamen\u00ed \u00facty nab\u00edzeli sv\u00fdm p\u0159edk\u016fm,<\/em>\u201d \u0159ekla spoluautorka studie <strong>Donna Nash<\/strong>, archeolo\u017eka na univerzit\u011b v&nbsp;Greensboro, v&nbsp;Severn\u00ed Karol\u00edn\u011b.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvaceti lety objevil Williams s&nbsp;Nashovou a jejich t\u00fdm starov\u011bk\u00fd Huarijsk\u00fd pivovar v&nbsp;Cerro Ba\u00fal v&nbsp;hor\u00e1ch ji\u017en\u00edho Peru. <em>\u201eV n\u011bkter\u00fdch ohledech za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fungovalo stejn\u011b jako dne\u0161n\u00ed minipivovary. Byl tam d\u016fm, ve kter\u00e9m se p\u0159ipravovala produkce, d\u00e1le varna a taverny byly hned vedle,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btlil Williams a dod\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee chicha byla po uva\u0159en\u00ed vhodn\u00e1 k&nbsp;pit\u00ed jen asi t\u00fdden, tak\u017ee se nemohla rozv\u00e1\u017eet na r\u016fzn\u00e1 m\u00edsta v&nbsp;\u0159\u00ed\u0161i a lid\u00e9 museli do \u201cpivovaru\u201d p\u0159ij\u00edt sami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159i oslav\u00e1ch a sv\u00e1tc\u00edch v&nbsp;Cerro Ba\u00fal, m\u00edstn\u00ed elity tento n\u00e1poj pily z&nbsp;metr vysok\u00fdch keramick\u00fdch n\u00e1dob, zdoben\u00fdch obrazy p\u0159edk\u016f a mrtv\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Wari. Lid\u00e9 tak mo\u017en\u00e1 d\u00edky pit\u00ed chichy potvrzovali svou v\u011brnost a skl\u00e1dali t\u00edm poctu star\u00fdm p\u00e1n\u016fm Wari, co\u017e je ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 by mohla b\u00fdt t\u00edm pojivem, kter\u00e9 dr\u017eelo \u0159\u00ed\u0161i pohromad\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"832\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Toro_Muerto_Petroglyphs_Peru_1972_457820311.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"2754\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?attachment_id=2754\" class=\"wp-image-2754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Toro_Muerto_Petroglyphs_Peru_1972_457820311.jpg 832w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Toro_Muerto_Petroglyphs_Peru_1972_457820311-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Toro_Muerto_Petroglyphs_Peru_1972_457820311-768x539.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Toro_Muerto_Petroglyphs_Peru_1972_457820311-130x90.jpg 130w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 832px) 100vw, 832px\" \/><figcaption>Huarijsk\u00e9 petroglyfy nalezen\u00e9 v&nbsp;Torro Muerto (Arequipa) Zdroj: [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"696\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/1280px-Headband_LACMA_M.74.151.17-1024x696.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"2756\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?attachment_id=2756\" class=\"wp-image-2756\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/1280px-Headband_LACMA_M.74.151.17.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/1280px-Headband_LACMA_M.74.151.17-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/1280px-Headband_LACMA_M.74.151.17-768x522.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Huarijsk\u00fd n\u00e1ramek. Zdroj: [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 se dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o roli n\u00e1poje chicha v&nbsp;\u0159\u00ed\u0161i Wari, v\u011bdci analyzovali keramick\u00e9 hrnce, nalezen\u00e9 ve starobyl\u00e9m pivovaru v&nbsp;Cerro Ba\u00fal. K&nbsp;anal\u00fdze pou\u017eili speci\u00e1ln\u00ed lasery a hmotnostn\u00ed spektrometry, aby mohli zjistit slo\u017een\u00ed varn\u00fdch i usklad\u0148ovac\u00edch n\u00e1dob, jako\u017e i organick\u00e9 zbytky, kter\u00e9 na nich z\u016fstaly. T\u00fdm zjistil, \u017ee chicha byla vyrobena z&nbsp;bobul\u00ed peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho r\u016f\u017eov\u00e9ho pep\u0159e (<em>Schinus molle<\/em>), co\u017e je rostlina, kter\u00e1 pot\u0159ebuje mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b vody ne\u017e kuku\u0159ice, a kter\u00e1 se nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k&nbsp;v\u00fdrob\u011b chichy i dnes. D\u00e1le, \u017ee keramika byla vyrobena z&nbsp;hl\u00edny z&nbsp;okol\u00ed. Oba tyto m\u00edstn\u00ed zdroje umo\u017enily stabiln\u00ed dod\u00e1vku piva. D\u011blo se tak i p\u0159es sucho, kter\u00e9 znesnadnilo p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed mnoha plodin (jako je kuku\u0159ice) nebo kdy\u017e byly naru\u0161eny obchodn\u00ed cesty z&nbsp;d\u016fvodu klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn nebo v\u00e1lek, co\u017e zt\u011b\u017eovalo dovoz hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho j\u00edlu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"932\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/800px-Vaso_Huari-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/800px-Vaso_Huari-2.jpg 520w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/800px-Vaso_Huari-2-167x300.jpg 167w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><figcaption>Huarijsk\u00e1 n\u00e1doba. Zdroj: [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee pivo je mo\u017en\u00e9 takto vyrobit, bylo nutn\u00e9 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 ingredience uva\u0159it v&nbsp;keramick\u00fdch varn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch. Proto se v\u011bdci spojili s&nbsp;peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi pivovarn\u00edky, aby spolu s&nbsp;nimi znovu obnovili starod\u00e1vn\u00fd proces va\u0159en\u00ed piva. <em>&#8220;V\u00fdroba chichy je komplikovan\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje zku\u0161enosti a odborn\u00e9 znalosti. Experimenty n\u00e1s hodn\u011b nau\u010dily. M\u00e1me p\u0159edstavu o tom, jak se va\u0159ila chicha v&nbsp;trosk\u00e1ch star\u00e9 budovy, a kolik pr\u00e1ce a \u010dasu cel\u00fd proces zabral,&#8221;<\/em> \u0159ekla Donna Nash, kter\u00e1 vedla rekonstrukci star\u00e9ho pivovarnick\u00e9ho postupu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Mimochodem, Fieldovo museum a Chicago Off Color Brewing vydaly v\u00e1rku piva vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z&nbsp;pr\u00e1ce Nashov\u00e9. Toto r\u016f\u017eov\u00e9 pivo napln\u011bn\u00e9 pep\u0159ov\u00fdmi bobulemi, zvan\u00e9 <em>Wari Ale<\/em> bylo dod\u00e1no do obchod\u016f a bar\u016f v&nbsp;Chicagu v&nbsp;\u010dervnu 2018.)<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bdci nakonec do\u0161li k&nbsp;z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee spolehliv\u00e1 a udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 z\u00e1soba chichy pomohla udr\u017eet stabilitu \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Wari. Sv\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podrobn\u011b popsali 18.&nbsp;dubna 2019 v&nbsp;\u010dasopise <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sustainability.[1] D\u016fsledky studie o tom, jak sd\u00edlen\u00e1 identita a kulturn\u00ed postupy pom\u00e1haj\u00ed stabilizovat spole\u010dnosti, jsou dnes st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <em>&#8220;Tento v\u00fdzkum je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pochopit, jak instituce vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vazby, kter\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed lidi z&nbsp;velmi r\u016fznorod\u00fdch volebn\u00edch obvod\u016f a velmi odli\u0161n\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed,&#8221;<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Williams. \u201eBez t\u011bchto poznatk\u016f se velk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 subjekty za\u010dnou fragmentovat a rozpadat se na mnohem men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brexit je dnes p\u0159\u00edkladem t\u00e9to rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bnosti v&nbsp;Evropsk\u00e9 unii. Mus\u00edme pochopit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed konstrukty, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1kladem t\u011bchto sjednocuj\u00edc\u00edch rys\u016f, pokud chceme b\u00fdt schopni udr\u017eet politickou jednotu ve spole\u010dnosti.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zdroje:<br>[1] Williams, R., Nash, D.: Archaeometric Approaches to Defining Sustainable Governance: Wari Brewing Traditions and the Building of Political Relationships in Ancient Peru. 18.04.2019. Online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/8\/2333\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (otev\u0159e se na nov\u00e9 z\u00e1lo\u017ece)\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/8\/2333<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Huarijsk\u00e1 kultura. Wikipedia. Online: <a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huarijsk%C3%A1_kultura\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (otev\u0159e se na nov\u00e9 z\u00e1lo\u017ece)\">https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huarijsk%C3%A1_kultura<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] Choi, Ch.: How the First Empire of the Andes Ensured a Steady Beer Supply. 18.04.2019. Online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insidescience.org\/news\/how-first-empire-andes-ensured-steady-beer-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (otev\u0159e se na nov\u00e9 z\u00e1lo\u017ece)\">https:\/\/www.insidescience.org\/news\/how-first-empire-andes-ensured-steady-beer-supply<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] The secret to a stable society? A steady supply of beer doesn&#8217;t hurt. 18.04.2019. Online: <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-04-secret-stable-society-steady-beer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (otev\u0159e se na nov\u00e9 z\u00e1lo\u017ece)\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-04-secret-stable-society-steady-beer.html<\/a> <br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety se t\u00e1hla nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d cel\u00fdm Peru \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Wari. Byla obrovsk\u00e1, asi 1380 kilometr\u016f pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Peru. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed &#8211; pokr\u00fdvala oblast dne\u0161n\u00edho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed USA, od New Yorku k&nbsp;Jacksonville na Florid\u011b. Trvala 500 let, od roku 600 do 1100 n.l., tedy daleko p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e byla nakonec pohlcena Inckou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2753,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[34,125,5,4,124],"class_list":["post-2751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-archeologie","tag-chicha","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-peru","tag-wari"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2751","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2751"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2751\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2761,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2751\/revisions\/2761"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2751"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2751"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2751"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}