{"id":2854,"date":"2019-08-10T00:10:08","date_gmt":"2019-08-09T22:10:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2854"},"modified":"2019-08-09T13:12:40","modified_gmt":"2019-08-09T11:12:40","slug":"inkove-byli-vice-diplomate-nez-valecnici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2019\/08\/10\/inkove-byli-vice-diplomate-nez-valecnici\/","title":{"rendered":"Inkov\u00e9 byli v\u00edce diplomat\u00e9 ne\u017e v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V minulosti jsem zde ji\u017e psal o tom, \u017ee Inkov\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvali nejen sv\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed p\u0159i roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.[1] Podle nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee Inkov\u00e9 byli skute\u010dn\u011b schopn\u00ed diplomat\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvali diplomacii jako jeden z n\u00e1stroj\u016f, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00e9ho byli schopni uzav\u00edrat velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 dohody. N\u011bkdy byli Inkov\u00e9 velmi agresivn\u00ed, ale rozhodn\u011b nebyli tak krve\u017e\u00edzniv\u00ed, jak je popsali pozd\u011bji \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9. V\u00fdsledky nov\u00e9ho interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dosp\u011bt k z\u00e1v\u011bru o politick\u00e9 moudrosti v\u016fdc\u016f Ink\u016f.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku, kter\u00fd vy\u0161el u\u017e na konci z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2011 v americk\u00e9m \u010dasopise American Journal of Physical Anthropology, autor\u016f <\/span>Valerie Andrushko<\/b>, antropolo\u017eky<\/span> z Univerzity New Haven v Connecticutu a <\/span>Elvy Torres <\/b>z peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edho kulturn\u00edho institutu v Cuscu, se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkdy kolem roku 1000 n.l., vl\u00e1dci Inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e za\u010dali st\u00e1le v\u00edce pou\u017e\u00edvat nen\u00e1siln\u00e9 taktiky k ovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed nov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee Inkov\u00e9 v\u011bnovali v\u00e1lce m\u00e9n\u011b pozornosti, aby mohli dob\u00fdt jin\u00e9 n\u00e1rody. V\u00e1lka byla jen jedn\u00edm z prvk\u016f komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strategie expanze. Inkov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali ekonomick\u00e9, politick\u00e9, ideologick\u00e9 a diplomatick\u00e9 metody k dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed a udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 moci. Spol\u00e9hali se v\u00edce na politick\u00e9 aliance a taktiku ideologick\u00e9 kontroly, cituje antropolo\u017eku <\/span>Andrushko <\/b>internetov\u00fd port\u00e1l Science News.[2]<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bdci u\u010dinili sv\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Specialist\u00e9 zkoumali 454 dosp\u011bl\u00fdch koster, nalezen\u00fdch na \u00fazem\u00edch dobyt\u00fdch Inky, a n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch k r\u016fzn\u00fdm obdob\u00edm existence Inck\u00e9 civilizace. Pouze nev\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ostatk\u016f m\u00e1 stopy zran\u011bn\u00ed, zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch zbran\u011bmi.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Panny slunce na obr\u00e1zku v jedn\u00e9 z kronik. Zdroj: internet<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Pouze na jedn\u00e9 z 36 lebek mu\u017e\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eili mezi l\u00e9ty 600 a 1000 n.l. – p\u0159ed vznikem Inck\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria – byly nalezeny r\u00e1ny, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 b\u011bhem bitvy. D\u00e1le v obdob\u00ed mezi roky 1000 a 1400 – co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 dob\u011b aktivn\u00edho roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed Inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e – byly nalezeny takov\u00e9 stopy n\u00e1siln\u00e9ho zran\u011bn\u00ed u p\u011bti (!) koster z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu 199 (2,5 procenta). A kone\u010dn\u011b v obdob\u00ed 1400 a\u017e 1532 – kdy byla Inck\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e na vrcholu moci a\u017e do sv\u00e9ho p\u00e1du – byly stopy zbran\u00ed nalezeny na 17 z 219 kostern\u00edch poz\u016fstatk\u016f (7,8 procenta).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navzdory zjevn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu po\u010dtu zran\u011bn\u00ed a v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch zran\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 z\u016fstaly po roce 1400, je antropologov\u00e9 st\u00e1le pova\u017euj\u00ed za sporadick\u00e9. Ukazuje se, \u017ee Inck\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e poznala daleko v\u00edce \u010dasy nen\u00e1siln\u00e9 \u00fazemn\u00ed expanze. V\u011bdci nejsou prvn\u00ed, kdo podobn\u00fd od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad u\u010dinil.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyto studie <\/span>“dopl\u0148uj\u00ed rostouc\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee krvav\u00e9 konflikty nebyly jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it moc Ink\u016f, i kdy\u017e je nezbytn\u00e9 z\u00edskat data z jin\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, o kter\u00fdch se v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee byli dobyty Inky,”<\/span><\/i> komentoval studii <\/span>Alan Covey,<\/b> vedouc\u00ed profesor antropologie na Southern Methodist University.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alan Covey je tak\u00e9 autor knihy \u201cJak Inkov\u00e9 postavili svou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i\u201d (\u201eHow the Incas Built Their Heartland\u201c), kter\u00e1 byla publikov\u00e1na v roce 2006. Nab\u00edz\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch kronik se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na procesy, a nejen na v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, k nim\u017e do\u0161lo v cel\u00e9m regionu hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Ink\u016f Cuzca. Pozornost historika je zam\u011b\u0159ena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na dlouhodob\u00e9 zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 v regionu prob\u00edhaly, a to nejen na hrdinsk\u00e9 \u010diny vl\u00e1dc\u016f Ink\u016f. Autor knihy stejn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jak historick\u00e9, tak archeologick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy k pos\u00edlen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho pohledu. Alan Covey ve sv\u00e9 knize nab\u00eddl alternativn\u00ed pohled na politick\u00fd \u017eivot vl\u00e1dc\u016f Inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bohu\u017eel dodnes je tu st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159edstava, \u017ee proces roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Ink\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kontinentem, kdy\u017e doslova jako lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1r p\u0159ekro\u010dili Andy, byl uveden do pohybu jedin\u00fdm charismatick\u00fdm vl\u00e1dcem Ink\u016f jm\u00e9nem <\/span>Pachac\u00fatec Yupanqui<\/b>, zn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm jen jako Pachacutec.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dev\u00e1t\u00fd vl\u00e1dce \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Ink\u016f vl\u00e1dl mezi lety 1438 a 1471. Vl\u00e1da tohoto inck\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e za\u010dala vojensk\u00fdm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm nad kmenem Chank\u016f v okol\u00ed Cusca. V letech 1438-40 toti\u017e arm\u00e1da Chank\u016f oblehla Inck\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Cusco. Otec Pachacuteca, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako sapa <\/span>Inca Viracocha<\/b>, spolu s d\u011bdicem tr\u016fnu Urkem strachy uprchli do pevnosti Colca. Pachacutec z\u016fstal s\u00e1m a s\u00e1m vedl arm\u00e1du Ink\u016f, se kterou osvobodil Cusco od oble\u017een\u00ed a zni\u010dil hlavn\u00ed s\u00edly nep\u0159\u00edtele. Stal se d\u011bdicem \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a nastal rozkv\u011bt, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme s trochou nads\u00e1zky p\u0159irovnat k evropsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b Karla IV.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Cusco na obr\u00e1zku z jedn\u00e9 z kronik. Zdroj: internet<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sapa (sapa je ozna\u010den\u00ed vl\u00e1dce) Inca Pachacutec a jeho gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 se sna\u017eili p\u0159ipojit dal\u0161\u00ed kmeny m\u00edrov\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky. Vojensk\u00e9 akce byly aplikov\u00e1ny pouze v p\u0159\u00edpadech krajn\u00ed nutnosti. \u017divotopisec a kronik\u00e1\u0159 <\/span>Inca Garcilaso de la Vega<\/b>, pozd\u011bji napsal: <\/span>\u201cTak mocn\u00ed lid\u00e9 (Wanka), kte\u0159\u00ed milovali psa natolik, \u017ee ho zbo\u017etili, Inka Capak Yupanqui vyhr\u00e1li v\u00edce s l\u00e1skou a dary, ne\u017e se silou zbran\u00ed, proto\u017ee se cht\u011bli st\u00e1t p\u00e1ny du\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e t\u011bl. Pot\u00e9, co uzav\u0159eli m\u00edr s i Wanky, na\u0159\u00eddil jim, aby byli rozd\u011bleni do t\u0159\u00ed skupin, aby je zachr\u00e1nil p\u0159ed spory, kter\u00e9 by je op\u011bt roze\u0161tvaly, a tak\u00e9 rozd\u011blil jejich pozemky, a stanovil hranice. Inka <\/span><\/i>Manco Capac Yupanki <\/i><\/b>se stejn\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem a dovednostmi dobyl mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch provinci\u00ed\u2026Mezi nimi byly nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed provincie Tarmy a Pumpa, kter\u00e9 byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez boje.\u201d <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A tak je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee inck\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e n\u00e1s i nad\u00e1le bude neust\u00e1le p\u0159ekvapovat, navzdory \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdm kronik\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 nelze pova\u017eovat p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm za zcela objektivn\u00ed. V duchu hesla: \u201cV\u00edt\u011bz bere v\u0161e\u201d, do\u0161lo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i zde k velk\u00e9mu zkreslen\u00ed informac\u00ed podle p\u0159edstav dobyvatel\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] St\u011bhule, T.: Um\u011bn\u00ed diplomacie ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Peru. tom-stehule.com. 13.01.2018. Online: https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2018\/01\/13\/umeni-diplomacie-ve-starovekem-peru\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Science News. Online: https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Valerie A. Andrushko – Elva C. Torres: Skeletal evidence for Inca warfare from the Cuzco region of Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 30.9.2011. Online: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/ajpa.21574<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V minulosti jsem zde ji\u017e psal o tom, \u017ee Inkov\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvali nejen sv\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed p\u0159i roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Podle nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee Inkov\u00e9 byli skute\u010dn\u011b schopn\u00ed diplomat\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvali diplomacii jako jeden z n\u00e1stroj\u016f, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00e9ho byli schopni uzav\u00edrat velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 dohody. N\u011bkdy byli Inkov\u00e9 velmi agresivn\u00ed, ale rozhodn\u011b nebyli tak krve\u017e\u00edzniv\u00ed, jak je popsali pozd\u011bji \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2855,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[34,7,13,5,4,16],"class_list":["post-2854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-archeologie","tag-historie","tag-inkove","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-peru","tag-tahuantinsuyo"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2854"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2861,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2854\/revisions\/2861"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2854"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}