{"id":2929,"date":"2019-09-14T00:10:45","date_gmt":"2019-09-13T22:10:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2929"},"modified":"2020-05-18T10:34:59","modified_gmt":"2020-05-18T08:34:59","slug":"banany-ohrozuje-nova-choroba-bude-lidstvo-bez-bananu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2019\/09\/14\/banany-ohrozuje-nova-choroba-bude-lidstvo-bez-bananu\/","title":{"rendered":"Ban\u00e1ny ohro\u017euje nov\u00e1 choroba! Co bude d\u00e1l?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Do Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky se dostal nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd kmen houby, ni\u010d\u00edc\u00ed cel\u00e9 plant\u00e1\u017ee ban\u00e1n\u016f. V Kolumbii je d\u00edky tomu zaveden mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd stav.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ban\u00e1ny druhu Cavendish se p\u011bstuj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed. Tehdy tento druh nahradil odr\u016fdu Gros Michel (podle zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch slad\u0161\u00ed a o dosti chutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odr\u016fda), kter\u00e1 tak\u00e9 podlehla nemoci – tehdej\u0161\u00ed rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed tzv. panamsk\u00e9 nemoci. Druh Cavendish je chu\u0165ov\u011b o n\u011bco hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jeho p\u0159edch\u016fdce, ale byl imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di  t\u00e9to chorob\u011b. Ukazuje se v\u0161ak, \u017ee i tato odr\u016fda je zraniteln\u00e1, proto\u017ee m\u00e1 stejnou nev\u00fdhodu jako Gro-Michel – je to monokultura. Ban\u00e1ny jsou rozmno\u017eov\u00e1ny vegetativn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, a pokud kultura nem\u00e1 genetickou rozmanitost, je n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 k chorob\u00e1m a \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bohu\u017eel, vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee se historie bude opakovat i u t\u00e9to odr\u016fdy ban\u00e1n\u016f. Po sv\u011bt\u011b se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il nov\u00fd kmen houby, zvan\u00e9 \u201ePanamanian disease\u201c – Tropical Race 4,  kter\u00e1 se bohu\u017eel nemilosrdn\u011b ni\u010d\u00ed plant\u00e1\u017ee ban\u00e1n\u016f odr\u016fdy Cavendish a jej\u00ed klony. Houba byla poprv\u00e9 objevena v roce 1992 na Tchaj-wanu a d\u00edky sanit\u00e1rn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm se infekce dlouho nepoda\u0159ilo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it za jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii a Austr\u00e1lii. <\/span>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v roce 2013 ale tato \u201epanamsk\u00e1 choroba\u201c zas\u00e1hla plant\u00e1\u017ee tak\u00e9 v Africe a na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b a za\u010dalo jej\u00ed roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druh ban\u00e1n\u016f Cavendish vznikl n\u00e1hodnou mutac\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii. Jej\u00ed klony zhruba od 60. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed bezkonkuren\u010dn\u011b vl\u00e1dnou ban\u00e1nov\u00fdm plant\u00e1\u017e\u00edm, kde se p\u011bstuj\u00ed plody pro z\u00e1padn\u00ed trhy. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o plant\u00e1\u017ee v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe. P\u0159ed ned\u00e1vnem Kolumbijsk\u00e9 ministerstvo zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed ozn\u00e1milo, \u017ee laboratorn\u00ed testy odhalily kmen Tropical Race-4 na plant\u00e1\u017e\u00edch v karibsk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblasti. Toto ozn\u00e1men\u00ed bylo ihned doprov\u00e1zeno vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho stavu. Latinsk\u00e1 Amerika je doslova ban\u00e1novou s\u00fdpkou planety. A pro n\u00e1s jako spot\u0159ebitele je tato zpr\u00e1va tak\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1, proto\u017ee Ekv\u00e1dor a sousedn\u00ed Kolumbie, je jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch dodavatel\u016f ban\u00e1n\u016f do Evropy.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Napaden\u00e1 rostlina ban\u00e1novn\u00edku. Zdroj: Internet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Situaci zhor\u0161uj\u00ed dv\u011b okolnosti. Za prv\u00e9, neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 fungicidy – chemik\u00e1lie pro boj proti houbov\u00fdm chorob\u00e1m t\u011bchto rostlin. A za druh\u00e9, komer\u010dn\u00ed plant\u00e1\u017ee v\u00fdhradn\u011b  p\u011bstuj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b druh ban\u00e1n\u016f Cavendish. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echny rostliny jsou geneticky identick\u00e9, a stejn\u011b n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k chorob\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na sv\u011bt\u011b jsou v z\u00e1sad\u011b stovky odr\u016fd ban\u00e1n\u016f, ale pro pohodl\u00ed a standardizaci produkce je nutn\u00e9 ban\u00e1ny standardizovat. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b dnes je situace mnohem komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, proto\u017ee druh Cavendish na rozd\u00edl od Gro-Michel nem\u00e1 jednozna\u010dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stupce. Dnes jednodu\u0161e neexistuje odr\u016fda, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159ijatelnou chu\u0165, je vhodn\u00e1 pro hromadn\u00e9 p\u011bst\u011bn\u00ed a vydr\u017e\u00ed dlouhou p\u0159epravu. Nav\u00edc to mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odr\u016fda, kter\u00e9 je imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di Tropical Race-4. <\/span>A tak ji\u017e p\u0159ed lety zapo\u010dalo p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po nov\u00e9 odr\u016fd\u011b, kter\u00e9 v posledn\u00edch letech nab\u00edr\u00e1 na obr\u00e1tk\u00e1ch a n\u011bkter\u00e9 pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky jsou \u00fadajn\u011b velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9. Existuj\u00ed ale i dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enosti. Pomoc\u00ed metod genetick\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed se ji\u017e poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it geneticky modifikovanou odr\u016fdu cavendish, kter\u00e1 je odoln\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di nemoci. Ov\u0161em tzv. GMO plodiny maj\u00ed \u0161patnou pov\u011bst u z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f a obt\u00ed\u017enou cestu na \u0159adu trh\u016f. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ov\u0161em ani kdyby se upraven\u00e9 ban\u00e1ny neuchytily, nen\u00ed se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b t\u0159eba ob\u00e1vat, \u017ee by za n\u011bkolik let ban\u00e1ny nebyly. O konci cavendishe se ji\u017e p\u0159ed lety mluvilo v souvislosti s jin\u00fdm patogenem, houbou <\/span>Mycosphaerella fijiensis.<\/span><\/i> Zp\u016fsobuje nemoc zvanou sigatoko, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v podstat\u011b stejn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 jako fusarium. Katastrofick\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e se ov\u0161em nenaplnily. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Platit tak\u00e9 bude, \u017ee na men\u0161\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch a v oblastech, kde je tlak patogenu mal\u00fd (tedy kde nejsou ide\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro TR4), se odr\u016fda cavendish m\u016f\u017ee udr\u017eet, podobn\u011b jako se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech udr\u017eelo p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed odr\u016fdy Gros Michel. Nav\u00edc existuj\u00ed stovky dal\u0161\u00edch odr\u016fd, kter\u00e9 se ur\u010dit\u011b budou i nad\u00e1le p\u011bstovat pro lok\u00e1ln\u00ed konzumaci. Studiu t\u011bchto odr\u016fd se dlouh\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed prakticky nikdo nev\u011bnoval. To se v posledn\u00edch letech m\u011bn\u00ed a je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee nov\u00fd ban\u00e1nov\u00fd \u201ekr\u00e1l\u201c u\u017e n\u011bkde \u010dek\u00e1 na sv\u00e9 objeven\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To uk\u00e1\u017ee \u010das\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u041f\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/www.kp.ru\/daily\/27015\/4077824\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Ban\u00e1nov\u00fd mor se nezastavuje. 05.09.2019. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/www.technickytydenik.cz\/rubriky\/veda-vyzkum-inovace\/bananovy-mor-se-nezastavuje_47956.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Do Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky se dostal nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd kmen houby, ni\u010d\u00edc\u00ed cel\u00e9 plant\u00e1\u017ee ban\u00e1n\u016f. V Kolumbii je d\u00edky tomu zaveden mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2931,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[138,69,5,56],"class_list":["post-2929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cestovani","tag-banany","tag-ekvador","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-kolumbie"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2929"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2929\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2933,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2929\/revisions\/2933"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2931"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2929"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}