{"id":2949,"date":"2019-09-28T00:10:36","date_gmt":"2019-09-27T22:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=2949"},"modified":"2019-09-25T23:11:26","modified_gmt":"2019-09-25T21:11:26","slug":"v-srdci-tajuplneho-tiwanaku-byl-ucinen-vyznamny-objev","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2019\/09\/28\/v-srdci-tajuplneho-tiwanaku-byl-ucinen-vyznamny-objev\/","title":{"rendered":"V srdci tajupln\u00e9ho Tiwanaku byl u\u010din\u011bn v\u00fdznamn\u00fd objev"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V\u011bdci u\u010dinili v\u00fdznamn\u00fd objev uvnit\u0159 chr\u00e1mu Kalasasaya v are\u00e1lu tajemn\u00fdch z\u0159\u00edcenin Tiwanaco. Byly zde vykop\u00e1ny ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1doby v odhadovan\u00e9m st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed asi 1400 let. To z nich \u010din\u00ed jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch artefakt\u016f, nalezen\u00fdch na tomto m\u00edst\u011b. Tiwanaco je jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edkolumbovsk\u00fdch archeologick\u00fdch nalezi\u0161\u0165 v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdmi stavebn\u00edmi metodami a pokro\u010dil\u00fdmi technikami kamenictv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dodnes vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed celou \u0159adu nevysv\u011btlen\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informace o n\u00e1lezu prob\u011bhla i \u010desk\u00fdm internetem, nicm\u00e9n\u011b s tragikomickou chybou, kdy p\u0159ekladatel chybn\u011b p\u0159elo\u017eil nalezen\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty \u201cbarco\u201d jako \u201clo\u010f\u201d. A tak mohl \u0161okovat v\u0161echny badatele, ozn\u00e1men\u00edm, \u017ee v Tiwanaco byly objeveny 1400 let star\u00e9 lod\u011b. Nikoliv. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o skute\u010dn\u00e9m n\u00e1lezu, tak, jak se odehr\u00e1l.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Objev byl u\u010din\u011bn 18. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2019 zcela n\u00e1hodou v r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho, konzerva\u010dn\u00edho a revitaliza\u010dn\u00edho projektu, podporovan\u00e9ho ze strany UNESCO. Archeologov\u00e9 pracovali uvnit\u0159 chr\u00e1mu Kalasasaya, kter\u00fd byl kdysi v srdci starov\u011bk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta a nach\u00e1z\u00ed se pobl\u00ed\u017e ruin jin\u00fdch monument\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159edhisp\u00e1nsk\u00fdch budov. Chr\u00e1m se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u00edzk\u00e9 platformy obklopen\u00e9 kamenn\u00fdmi zdmi. V tomto prostoru bylo nalezeno v\u00edce ne\u017e tucet n\u00e1dob, pe\u010dliv\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch do kruhu. Objev u\u010dinil t\u00fdm bolivijsk\u00fdch archeolog\u016f a v\u011bdc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v lokalit\u011b pracovali na vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1ch 15 dn\u00ed, a pokra\u010dovat budou je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch \u0161est t\u00fddn\u016f. Pot\u00e9 o n\u00e1lezech nap\u00ed\u0161\u00ed kone\u010dnou zpr\u00e1vu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Archeologov\u00e9 vyzved\u00e1vaj\u00ed nalezen\u00e9 n\u00e1doby v chr\u00e1mu Kalasasaya. Zdroj: [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee n\u00e1doby pomohou odborn\u00edk\u016fm l\u00e9pe pochopit chov\u00e1n\u00ed jedn\u00e9 z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a tak\u00e9 m\u00fdty op\u0159eden\u00e9 p\u0159edhisp\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kultury Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky. Byly n\u00e1doby sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1l\u016f s ob\u011btmi? V\u011bdci v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee skute\u010dnost, \u017ee n\u00e1doby byly poh\u0159beny v kruhu, nazna\u010duje velmi mnoho. Archeolo\u017eka <\/span>Mary Luz Choque<\/b> z archeologick\u00e9ho centra Tiwanaco, agentu\u0159e AP \u0159ekla, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 kruhov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e byly nalezen\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty zakop\u00e1ny, nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u0161lo o sou\u010d\u00e1st ob\u011bti p\u0159i poh\u0159bu urozen\u00e9 osobnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0158editel Centra pro antropologick\u00fd a administrativn\u00ed archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum Tiwanaco (Ciaat), <\/span>Julio Condori<\/b>, je podobn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru. “<\/span>Vzhledem k prostoru, tvaru, rozvr\u017een\u00ed a materi\u00e1l\u016fm, kter\u00e9 jsme dosud na\u0161li, m\u016f\u017eeme pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mluvit o postav\u011b (poh\u0159ben\u00e9), kter\u00e1 byla pro kulturu Tiwanaco velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1,<\/span><\/i>” \u0159ekl. V zemi a v n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch byly objeveny tak\u00e9 ryb\u00ed kosti.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nalezen\u00e9 n\u00e1doby budou zakonzervov\u00e1ny a pozd\u011bji vystaveny. Zdroj: [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201eNa fotografi\u00edch jsme vid\u011bli, \u017ee uvnit\u0159 Kalasasaya byla platforma ve tvaru \u201eU\u201c, kter\u00e1 byla odstran\u011bna v letech 1957 a\u017e 1980. Tam, kde nyn\u00ed stoj\u00edme, by to bylo mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. C\u00edlem bylo zjistit, zda tato platforma je\u0161t\u011b st\u00e1le existuje, nebo ne,\u201c<\/span><\/i> vysv\u011btlil Condori ze st\u0159edu chr\u00e1mu Kalasasaya. Tento c\u00edl byl spln\u011bn, proto\u017ee archeologov\u00e9 na\u0161li \u0159ady kamen\u016f, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed vzory pre-hisp\u00e1nsk\u00e9 architektury, je\u017e byly postaveny b\u011bhem obdob\u00ed rozvoje Tiwanaco. Podle posledn\u00edch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed architektura archeologick\u00e9ho nalezi\u0161t\u011b byla neust\u00e1le upravov\u00e1na. Tato rekonstrukce, kterou dnes vid\u00edme, pro\u0161la mnoha \u00fapravami, kter\u00e9 nebyly v\u017edy v souladu s pravidly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch komis\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starov\u011bk\u00e9 indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 m\u011bsto Tiwanaco bylo vybudov\u00e1no v nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce 4 000 metr\u016f, a rozkl\u00e1dalo se na \u00fazem\u00ed o rozloze 600 hektar\u016f. Dnes le\u017e\u00ed asi 75 kilometr\u016f od bolivijsk\u00e9 metropole La Paz, pobl\u00ed\u017e ji\u017en\u00edho b\u0159ehu jezera Titicaca. M\u011bsto bylo duchovn\u00edm a politick\u00fdm centrem a jednou z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edhisp\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kultur. V jeho zdech \u017eilo p\u0159es 100 000 lid\u00ed. Toto m\u011bsto bylo hlavn\u00edm s\u00eddlem \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Tiwanaku, kter\u00e1 ovl\u00e1dala z\u00e1padn\u00ed Bol\u00edvii a \u010d\u00e1sti Peru, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v letech 500 a\u017e 1 000 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed akademici se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee to nebyla \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, n\u00fdbr\u017e federace, ve kter\u00e9 byly ritu\u00e1ly a festivaly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny ke sbli\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed. V roce 2000 bylo nalezi\u0161t\u011b za\u0159azeno na seznam UNESCO.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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M\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 z\u00fa\u010dastnili slavnostn\u00edho p\u0159edstaven\u00ed n\u00e1lezu. Zdroj: [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 archeologick\u00e1 lokalita Tiahuanaco se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze \u010dty\u0159 hlavn\u00edch celk\u016f: <\/span>polopodzemn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu<\/b>, <\/span>chr\u00e1mu Kalasasaya<\/b>, <\/span>pyramidy Akapana<\/b> a <\/span>Puma punku<\/b> (Lv\u00ed br\u00e1na), kter\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed jihoz\u00e1padn\u011b od hlavn\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 lokality.[1]<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chr\u00e1m Kalasasaya<\/b> je obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e1 oplocen\u00e1 plocha, od v\u00fdchodu k z\u00e1padu m\u011b\u0159\u00ed 130 m a ze severu na jih 120 m. Je orientov\u00e1n k hlavn\u00edm sv\u011btov\u00fdm stran\u00e1m. Zdi postaven\u00e9 z \u010derven\u00fdch p\u00edskovcov\u00fdch megalit\u016f obklopuj\u00ed vyv\u00fd\u0161enou plo\u0161inu, na kter\u00fdch se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed dv\u011b tiahuanack\u00e9 sochy. V severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm rohu plo\u0161iny se nach\u00e1z\u00ed slavn\u00e1 Slune\u010dn\u00ed br\u00e1na, co\u017e je 3 m vysok\u00fd, 4 m \u0161irok\u00fd monolit z andezitu o hmotnosti 10 tun, na kter\u00e9m je vyobrazen velk\u00fd Viracocha.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pyramida Akapana<\/b> je orientov\u00e1na stejn\u011b jako Kalasasaya k hlavn\u00edm sv\u011btov\u00fdm stran\u00e1m, je to archetyp\u00e1ln\u00ed posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 hora velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9ho tvaru. M\u00e1 pyramidov\u00fd p\u016fdorys o plo\u0161e v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 200 m\u00b2, v podob\u011b t\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ov\u00e9 pyramidy se z\u00e1kladnou sm\u011brem k v\u00fdchodu a vrcholem k z\u00e1padu. Z tohoto p\u016fdorysu se zved\u00e1 sedm stup\u0148\u016f do v\u00fd\u0161ky 18 m.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polozapu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd chr\u00e1m<\/b> je zahlouben\u00e1 oplocen\u00e1 plocha rozm\u011br\u016f 26 x 28 m. Stoj\u00ed v n\u011bm dv\u011b st\u00e9ly, na jedn\u00e9 z nich je vytes\u00e1na postava vousat\u00e9ho mu\u017ee, kter\u00e1 nem\u00e1 podobu domorod\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f. Obvodov\u00e9 st\u011bny jsou lemov\u00e1ny des\u00edtkami hlav s vyvalen\u00fdma o\u010dima.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pumapunku<\/b> (Lv\u00ed br\u00e1na) sest\u00e1v\u00e1 z p\u0159ikr\u010den\u00e9 stup\u0148ovit\u00e9 pyramidy se z\u00e1kladnou zhruba 60 x 50 m, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed kamenn\u00fd kv\u00e1dr, jeho\u017e v\u00e1ha byla vypo\u010dtena na 447 tun. Mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch kamenn\u00fdch kv\u00e1dr\u016f v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed od 100 do 200 tun.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Tiwanaku. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiwanaku<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Vaca, A.: Hallan un centro ceremonial en el coraz\u00f3n de Tiwanaku. 19.09.2019. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/www.paginasiete.bo\/cultura\/2019\/9\/19\/hallan-un-centro-ceremonial-en-el-corazon-de-tiwanaku-231403.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u011bdci u\u010dinili v\u00fdznamn\u00fd objev uvnit\u0159 chr\u00e1mu Kalasasaya v are\u00e1lu tajemn\u00fdch z\u0159\u00edcenin Tiwanaco. Byly zde vykop\u00e1ny ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1doby v odhadovan\u00e9m st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed asi 1400 let. To z nich \u010din\u00ed jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch artefakt\u016f, nalezen\u00fdch na tomto m\u00edst\u011b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2958,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[58,5,114],"class_list":["post-2949","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-bolivie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-tiwanaco"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2949","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2949"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2949\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3771,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2949\/revisions\/3771"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2949"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2949"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2949"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}