{"id":312,"date":"2021-01-04T07:21:32","date_gmt":"2021-01-04T06:21:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=312"},"modified":"2021-01-04T07:19:08","modified_gmt":"2021-01-04T06:19:08","slug":"el-nino-novy-jev-ve-starych-souvislostech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2021\/01\/04\/el-nino-novy-jev-ve-starych-souvislostech\/","title":{"rendered":"El Ni\u00f1o – nov\u00fd jev ve star\u00fdch souvislostech"},"content":{"rendered":"

O starobyl\u00fdch peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00edch jsem zde ji\u017e n\u011bco m\u00e1lo psal. A nen\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k tomu, abychom se pod\u00edvali trochu na to, jak vlastn\u011b podobn\u00e1 spole\u010denstv\u00ed mohla skon\u010dit. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee to v\u016fbec nemuselo b\u00fdt tak tajemn\u00e9, jak je n\u011bkdy prezentov\u00e1no. Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, jak hluboce jsme st\u00e1le spojeni s p\u0159\u00edrodou, i kdy\u017e m\u00e1me pokrokov\u00e9 technologie. Klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e1 u n\u00e1s nejsou a\u017e tak patrn\u00e9, jsou v Peru velmi jasn\u011b z\u0159eteln\u00e9. Je to takov\u00e1 planet\u00e1rn\u00ed laborato\u0159. Po\u010das\u00ed m\u011blo v\u017edy obrovsk\u00fd vliv na \u017eivot a smrt t\u011bchto \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 v ka\u017ed\u00e9 kultu\u0159e usmi\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu prob\u00edhalo malinko jinak.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017eeme se pod\u00edvat na jednu z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch civilizac\u00ed, kulturu Moche [1]. Klimatick\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, z\u00edskan\u00e9 ze vzorku andsk\u00e9ho ledu, vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o dramatick\u00fdch projevech jevu El Ni\u00f1o n\u011bkdy po roce 650 – nap\u0159ed p\u0159i\u0161lo souvisl\u00e9 obdob\u00ed z\u00e1plav a pak sucha (co\u017e by srazilo na kolena t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017edou kulturu). K tomu u\u017e dnes v\u00edme z archeologick\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vek, \u017ee ji\u017e kolem roku 700 byla kultura Mochik\u016f na \u00fastupu. V\u0161echno nasv\u011bd\u010duje tomu, \u017ee vypukla nejsp\u00ed\u0161 ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. B\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho stolet\u00ed kultura Mochik\u016f zcela zanikla. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z jejich objekt\u016f pohltil p\u00edsek, n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159evzala jin\u00e1 kultura. Zda jejich rozklad zp\u016fsobily tyto klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, nebo ob\u010dansk\u00e1 vzpoura, vyvolan\u00e1 obrovsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady, pot\u0159ebn\u00fdmi k vydr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed tak rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 teokracie, nev\u00edme.[2] Ale podle v\u011bdeck\u00fdch teori\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme dnes l\u00e9pe rekonstruovat to, co se mohlo st\u00e1t. Pro\u010d o tom p\u00ed\u0161i ?<\/span><\/p>\n

m\u011bsto Chiclayo v t\u011bchto dnech.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Peru v tomto roce proch\u00e1z\u00ed jedn\u00edm takov\u00fdm jevem [3]. M\u00edstn\u00ed ho naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201cel ni\u00f1o costero<\/em>\u201d, co\u017e ve v\u00fdznamu znamen\u00e1, \u017ee postihuje hlavn\u011b pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblasti. N\u011bkter\u00e1 m\u011bsta trp\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00edmi z\u00e1plavami, proto\u017ee pr\u0161\u00ed v m\u00edstech, kde norm\u00e1ln\u011b cel\u00e1 l\u00e9ta nespadne ani kapka. To postihlo nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u011bsto Chiclayo [4] a ohro\u017eeno za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt i vedlej\u0161\u00ed Trujillo, ob\u011b na severu zem\u011b. Posti\u017een\u00e1 je i Lima s lok\u00e1ln\u00edmi z\u00e1plavami [5]. A co hlavn\u011b, otepluje se mo\u0159e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Agentura Andina [6] vydala po\u010d\u00e1tkem \u00fanora 2017 varov\u00e1n\u00ed, podle kter\u00e9ho Peru \u010dek\u00e1 nejteplej\u0161\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc tohoto roku. Slune\u010dn\u00ed ultra-fialov\u00e9 (d\u00e1le jen UV) z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed bude po cel\u00e9 zemi dosahovat extr\u00e9mn\u00edch hodnot a na n\u011bkolika m\u00edstech st\u0159edn\u00edch And vystoup\u00e1 a\u017e na 19 bod\u016f z celkov\u00fdch 20, varoval specialista N\u00e1rodn\u00edho meteorologick\u00e9ho institutu Peru (Senamhi), Paul Alva. Agentura vydala varov\u00e1n\u00ed pro obyvatele hor v peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch And\u00e1ch, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v regionech Cusco, Puno, Jun\u00edn a Cerro de Pasco (ob\u011b posledn\u00ed dv\u011b m\u00edsta jsou ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 4000 m.n.m.), kde ji\u017e stouply tyto hodnoty na \u00farove\u0148 19.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pamatuji si vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed jednoho sta\u0159e\u010dka z Trujilla, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, \u017ee p\u0159i posledn\u00edm velmi siln\u00e9m jevu El Ni\u00f1o v roce 1997 [7] pr\u0161elo tolik, \u017ee se rozvodnila m\u00edstn\u00ed \u0159eka a vyplavila poz\u016fstatky mrtvol ze h\u0159bitova. Ty pak n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed plavaly v ulic\u00edch. Do toho bylo velk\u00e9 horko a tak si asi um\u00edte p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee v tu chv\u00edli zavl\u00e1dl v\u0161ude obrovsk\u00fd z\u00e1pach, infekce a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1vadn\u00e1 voda.<\/span>
\n Tak\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, \u017ee d\u00edky mouch\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 za\u010daly p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et infekci, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e1 rodina dostala z\u00e1n\u011bt spojivek. Pro oby\u010dejn\u00e9 lidi to bylo peklo. Jak vypad\u00e1 v t\u011bchto dnech situace kolem slune\u010dn\u00ed radiace m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt z extr\u00e9mn\u00edch hodnot na obr\u00e1zku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Graf slune\u010dn\u00ed radiace (UV). Na \u0159ad\u011b m\u00edst se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed extr\u00e9mu. Po\u0159\u00edzeno po\u010d\u00e1tkem \u00fanora 2017. <\/span> Zdroj: Senami<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Podle peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho biologa Yuri Hookera, klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny posledn\u00edch 10 let jsou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ty, kter\u00e9 se ud\u00e1ly v posledn\u00edch 50 letech [8]. A realita mu d\u00e1v\u00e1 za pravdu: sesuvy p\u016fdy, prudk\u00e9 bou\u0159ky, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty mo\u0159\u00ed, studen\u00e9 vlny, extr\u00e9mn\u00ed teploty…<\/span><\/p>\n

Zm\u011bny v mo\u0159\u00edch ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tyto 3 faktory: Teplota mo\u0159e, UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a kyselost. Z p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00e9ho obr\u00e1zku je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee slune\u010dn\u00ed radiace je ji\u017e v extr\u00e9mn\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch. Co to vlastn\u011b zp\u016fsobuje?<\/span><\/p>\n

Mnoho mo\u0159sk\u00fdch organism\u016f je citliv\u00fdch pr\u00e1v\u011b na slune\u010dn\u00ed UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. To v Peru nyn\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzrostlo a jako prvn\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed plankton povrchov\u00fdch vod. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k zeslaben\u00ed pravideln\u00fdch v\u011btr\u016f a p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9 vody z\u00e1padn\u00edho Pacifiku se p\u0159esouvaj\u00ed k pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky v protism\u011bru nad Humbolt\u016fv proud. Teplota mo\u0159e se zvedne a\u017e o 7 \u00b0C, termoklima se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do hloubky, ust\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00e9 proudy, horn\u00ed vodn\u00ed vrstvy jsou bez \u017eivin a spodn\u00ed nejsou nedostate\u010dn\u011b okysli\u010den\u00e9. Vodn\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9, po\u010d\u00ednaje t\u011bmi nejmen\u0161\u00edmi, nemaj\u00ed dostatek potravy a hynou. Obdobn\u011b na tom jsou i ostatn\u00ed k n\u00edm p\u0159idru\u017een\u00ed, jako vodn\u00ed savci a pt\u00e1ci. Tato situace p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed i velikou ekonomickou katastrofu, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee trvat i n\u011bkolik let, ne\u017e se poklesl\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed ryb vr\u00e1t\u00ed na p\u016fvodn\u00ed hodnoty, a rybolov, kter\u00fd je pro tamn\u00ed oblasti alfou i omegou, se stane op\u011bt rentabiln\u00ed.[9]<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm faktorem, kter\u00fd souvis\u00ed s mo\u0159sk\u00fdmi proudy a zm\u011bnou v oce\u00e1nech (a kter\u00fd nen\u00ed tak zn\u00e1m\u00fd), je kyselost. “Mo\u0159sk\u00e9 proudy d\u00edky sv\u00fdm pohyb\u016fm uvol\u0148uj\u00ed metan, ulo\u017een\u00fd v sedimentech na mo\u0159sk\u00e9m dn\u011b. Z atmosf\u00e9ry se do vody tak\u00e9 dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed kysel\u00e9 plyny (sklen\u00edkov\u00fd efekt), kter\u00e9 voda absorbuje,<\/em>” \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Hooker [10]. V\u00fdsledkem jsou rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 nebo oslaben\u00e9 organismy. Kyselost ochuzuje kvalitu planktonu, kter\u00fd je motorem \u017eivota v mo\u0159i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 civilizace v Peru se tak s probl\u00e9mem klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn vyrovn\u00e1vala po sv\u00e9m. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zvolily cestu lidsk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed k uspokojen\u00ed vrtkav\u00fdch n\u00e1lad boh\u016f, jako t\u0159eba Mochikov\u00e9. Jin\u00e9 civilizace vybudovaly sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ekologick\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti, ze kter\u00e9ho si dodnes m\u016f\u017eeme br\u00e1t velk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad – jako t\u0159eba Caral.[11] Jist\u00e9 v\u0161ak je, \u017ee z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska nep\u0159e\u017eila ani jedna. Je to pro n\u00e1s pou\u010den\u00ed?<\/span><\/p>\n

Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee pokud si d\u00e1me dohromady, \u017ee dv\u011b a dv\u011b jsou \u010dty\u0159i, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee ty tragick\u00e9 a z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 konce r\u016fzn\u00fdch peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch nebo dokonce i st\u0159edoamerick\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed nemusely b\u00fdt v\u016fbec z\u00e1hadn\u00e9. Sta\u010dilo n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed sucha a katastrof a lid\u00e9 svoje p\u0159\u00edbytky opustili sami, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se mezi sebou utkali o zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed zdroje v ob\u010dansk\u00fdch a jin\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch. P\u0159\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt snad jen to, aby se nikdy podobn\u00e1 katastrofa takov\u00e9ho rozsahu znovu neobjevila, i kdy\u017e posledn\u00ed desetilet\u00ed se s glob\u00e1ln\u00edm oteplov\u00e1n\u00edm situace jen zhor\u0161uje. P\u0159i posledn\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b ledovce v Pastoruri (viz. \u00favodn\u00ed foto) mi bylo opravdu smutno, ledovec st\u00e1le ub\u00fdv\u00e1\u2026.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span>
\n [1] St\u011bhule, T.: Mo\u010dikov\u00e9 – stavitel\u00e9 hlin\u011bn\u00fdch pyramid. Tom-Stehule.com, 20.1.2017. Online: https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2017\/01\/20\/mochikove-stavitele-hlinenych-pyramid\/<\/a><\/span>
\n [2] Thomson, Hugh: Posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 zem\u011b. Hled\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Peru. BB art, Praha 2008, ISBN: 978-80-7381-418-2<\/span>
\n [3] Un fen\u00f3meno El Ni\u00f1o podr\u00eda llegar este verano, seg\u00fan Enfen. RPP, 3.2.2017. Online: http:\/\/rpp.pe\/peru\/actualidad\/un-fenomeno-el-nino-podria-llegar-este-verano-segun-enfen-noticia-1028355?ns_source=self&ns_mchannel=portada.buscador&ns_campaign=busquedas&ns_linkname=1<\/a><\/span>
\n [4] Ocho horas de lluvias en Chiclayo dejaron m\u00e1s de 30 casas colapsadas. RPP, 2.2.2017. Online: http:\/\/rpp.pe\/peru\/lambayeque\/ocho-horas-de-lluvias-en-chiclayo-dejo-mas-de-30-casas-colapsadas-noticia-1028057\/6<\/a><\/span>
\n [5] R\u00edo R\u00edmac se desbord\u00f3 a la altura de la autopista Ramiro Prial\u00e9. El Comercio, 26.1.2017. Online: http:\/\/elcomercio.pe\/sociedad\/lima\/rio-rimac-se-desbordo-autopista-ramiro-priale-noticia-1963693<\/a><\/span>
\n [6] Per\u00fa afrontar\u00e1 en febrero radiaci\u00f3n solar m\u00e1s alta del mundo. Andina, 1.2.2017. Online: http:\/\/www.andina.com.pe\/agencia\/noticia-peru-afrontara-febrero-radiacion-solar-mas-alta-del-mundo-651967.aspx<\/a><\/span>
\n [7] El Ni\u00f1o (fen\u00f3meno). Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(fen%C3%B3meno)#Los_Ni.C3.B1os_hist.C3.B3ricos<\/a><\/span>
\n [8] Borda, L.: C\u00f3mo afecta el cambio clim\u00e1tico a las especies marinas en el Per\u00fa? RPP, 2.2.2017. Online: http:\/\/rpp.pe\/ciencia\/biologia\/como-afecta-el-cambio-climatico-a-las-especies-marinas-en-el-peru-noticia-1028213?ns_source=self&ns_mchannel=portada.buscador&ns_campaign=busquedas&ns_linkname=1<\/a><\/span>
\n [9] Peru\u00e1nsk\u00fd proud. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_proud<\/a><\/span>
\n [10] Borda, L.: C\u00f3mo afecta el cambio clim\u00e1tico a las especies marinas en el Per\u00fa? RPP, 2.2.2017. Online: http:\/\/rpp.pe\/ciencia\/biologia\/como-afecta-el-cambio-climatico-a-las-especies-marinas-en-el-peru-noticia-1028213?ns_source=self&ns_mchannel=portada.buscador&ns_campaign=busquedas&ns_linkname=1<\/a><\/span>
\n [11] St\u011bhule, T.: Hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o prosperit\u011b a z\u00e1niku \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Caral. Tom-Stehule.com, 10.2.2017. Online: http:\/\/www.tom-stehule.com\/2017\/02\/10\/hlaseni-o-prosperite-a-zaniku-rise-caral\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O starobyl\u00fdch peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00edch jsem zde ji\u017e n\u011bco m\u00e1lo psal. A nen\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k tomu, abychom se pod\u00edvali trochu na<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":425,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51,37],"tags":[52,5,53,4,48,6],"class_list":["post-312","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekologie","category-historie","tag-ekologie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-lima","tag-peru","tag-pocasi","tag-trujillo"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/312","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=312"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/312\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3594,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/312\/revisions\/3594"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/425"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=312"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=312"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=312"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}