{"id":3532,"date":"2020-11-14T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-13T23:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=3532"},"modified":"2020-11-07T22:45:54","modified_gmt":"2020-11-07T21:45:54","slug":"znameni-smrti-starych-azteku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2020\/11\/14\/znameni-smrti-starych-azteku\/","title":{"rendered":"Znamen\u00ed smrti star\u00fdch Azt\u00e9k\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Azt\u00e9ck\u00e1 kultura byla velkolep\u00fdm koktejlem toho, co u\u017e pro\u0161lo d\u0159\u00edve, za t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 3000 let st\u0159edoamerick\u00e9ho  \u017eivota. S Azt\u00e9ky archeologie konverguje k <\/b>historii, proto\u017ee mnoho \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f psalo to, co vid\u011bli na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di v desetilet\u00edch po dobyt\u00ed. Jeden – Fray Bernardino de Sahag\u00fan – byl neobvykle piln\u00fd.<\/strong>[1]<\/strong>  <\/span>Jeho monument\u00e1ln\u00ed popis azt\u00e9ck\u00e9ho \u017eivota, od v\u00fdchovy d\u011bt\u00ed po biografick\u00fd popis boh\u016f, je nej\u00fapln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pojedn\u00e1n\u00edm o kultu\u0159e Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta z koloni\u00e1ln\u00edho obdob\u00ed.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahaguin\u016fv intimn\u00ed pohled na Azt\u00e9ky jim dal sl\u00e1vu, kter\u00e1 je v rozporu s relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm obdob\u00edm jejich nadvl\u00e1dy nad starov\u011bk\u00fdm Mexikem. Proto\u017ee ko\u0159eny azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 kultury sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do tis\u00edcilet\u00ed st\u0159edoamerick\u00fdch d\u011bjin, poskytuj\u00ed azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 zvyky archeolog\u016fm mnoho poznatk\u016f p\u0159i interpretaci poz\u016fstatk\u016f n\u00e1lez\u016f d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch civilizac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Jako prvn\u00ed bod je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee \u017eivot Azt\u00e9k\u016f – \u010dlov\u011bka i n\u00e1roda – byl zcela ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00edc ne\u017e kdokoli jin\u00fd ze starov\u011bk\u00e9ho lidu st\u0159edn\u00ed Ameriky se Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 pova\u017eovali za bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e9 bytosti, vydan\u00e9 na milost vrto\u0161iv\u00e9mu vesm\u00edru. Jejich n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed se n\u00e1m z dne\u0161n\u00edho pohledu zd\u00e1 neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b komplexn\u00ed. Osobn\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bohov\u00e9 byli bohat\u00ed, a ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bl v\u00edc ne\u017e jednu identitu a funkci v nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 hierarchii.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druh\u00fdm bodem je fakt, \u017ee v\u00e1lky byly v z\u00e1sad\u011b ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1lky. Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee si v\u00e1lkami podrobovali n\u00e1rody a z\u00edsk\u00e1vali zajatce, vzd\u00e1vali t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem i hold sv\u00fdm boh\u016fm poskytnut\u00edm tis\u00edc\u016f ob\u011bt\u00ed, jejich\u017e tlukouc\u00ed srdce byla vytr\u017eena z jejich t\u011bl na olt\u00e1\u0159i ve m\u011bst\u011b Tenochtitl\u00e1nu. Asi ka\u017ed\u00fd zn\u00e1 film Apocalypto z roku 2006, kde se cel\u00e1 sc\u00e9na to\u010d\u00ed kolem ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed popravy zajat\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f mal\u00e9ho kmene. [2] Jen krev \u010dlov\u011bka, byla nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed potravou pro slunce. Stravov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho masa ob\u011bti, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto n\u00e1sledovalo pot\u00e9, byla v\u00edce spole\u010densk\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost ne\u017e kanibalismus.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalend\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159inesl do t\u00e9to zab\u011bhl\u00e9 struktury n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a ritu\u00e1lu astrologii a astronomii. Akt zrozen\u00ed um\u00edstil jednotlivce nov\u011b do \u201cokna\u201d, kter\u00e9 v \u010dase rozhodovalo o \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nebo sm\u016fle. A\u010dkoli azt\u00e9ck\u00e1 v\u00edra nikdy nedosahovala extr\u00e9mn\u00ed posedlosti \u010dasem, kter\u00e1 byla tak p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e1 pro d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mayskou kulturu, syst\u00e9my byly zna\u010dn\u011b podobn\u00e9. Azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce poznamenaly speci\u00e1ln\u00ed ob\u0159ady a nov\u00fd ceremoni\u00e1l ohn\u011b – ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed pod\u00edvan\u00e1, kter\u00e1 vy\u017eadovala lidskou ob\u011b\u0165 a vzn\u00edcen\u00ed plamene v roztrhan\u00e9m t\u011ble ob\u011bti – oslavila velk\u00fd cyklus 52 let, kter\u00fd symbolizoval smrt jednoho \u017eivota a Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 doufali, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edroda d\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 oslavili sv\u016fj posledn\u00ed nov\u00fd ohniv\u00fd ceremoni\u00e1l v roce 1507. Pot\u00e9 se nad jejich \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed po\u010daly stahovat mraky, a za\u010dala se objevovat zlov\u011bstn\u00e1 znamen\u00ed. Sahag\u00fan zaznamenal azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 legendy: <\/span>\u201c… p\u0159edzv\u011bst se poprv\u00e9 objevila na nebi v podob\u011b plamene, ohniv\u00fd jazyk, jako by sprchoval sv\u011btlo \u00fasvitu. Vypadalo to, jako by to probod\u00e1valo nebesa. … \u201c\u00a0<\/span><\/i> <\/span>Napsal tak\u00e9 o podivn\u00e9m pt\u00e1kovi, kter\u00fd byl pozd\u011bji chycen na jeze\u0159e Texcoco: <\/span>\u201cNa jeho hlav\u011b bylo n\u011bco jako zrcadlo – kulat\u00e9, kotou\u010dov\u00e9 a jako kdyby bylo prop\u00edchnuto. V n\u011bm bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 spat\u0159it nebesa … hv\u011bzdy.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A kdy\u017e uvid\u011bl Moctezuma hv\u011bzdy, pochopil to jako nejhor\u0161\u00ed znamen\u00ed. … A kdy\u017e podruh\u00e9 hled\u011bl na hlavu pt\u00e1ka, d\u00e1l, byl uchv\u00e1cen t\u00edm, co vypadalo jako \u0159ada lid\u00ed, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch hromadn\u011b, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch jako dobyvatel\u00e9, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch ve v\u00e1lce. Jelen je nesl na z\u00e1dech. Potom svolal astrology a mudrce a \u0159ekl jim: Nev\u00edte, co jsem vid\u011bl, jako by se n\u011bkde hromadilo mno\u017estv\u00ed lid\u00ed? A kdy\u017e se chystali odpov\u011bd\u011bt, to, na co se pod\u00edvali, zmizelo. Nemohli nic \u0159\u00edct.\u201c<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed znamen\u00ed se objevila v posledn\u00edch letech p\u0159ed rokem 1519: chr\u00e1m zni\u010den\u00fd n\u00e1hl\u00fdm po\u017e\u00e1rem, dal\u0161\u00ed bleskem s hromy, kometa, nevysv\u011btliteln\u00e9 vlny na jeze\u0159e, \u017eensk\u00fd hlas st\u00e9naj\u00edc\u00ed: <\/span>\u201cMoji milovan\u00ed synov\u00e9, kam v\u00e1s vezmu?\u201c<\/span><\/i> <\/span>Ve sv\u011btle skryt\u00e9ho pesimismu azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 mentality, zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00e9ho v tragick\u00e9 a meditativn\u00ed postav\u011b c\u00edsa\u0159e Montezumy II, naklonilo posledn\u00ed z t\u011bchto znamen\u00ed v\u00e1hy sm\u011brem ke hroz\u00edc\u00ed zk\u00e1ze.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rok Ce Acatl (stejn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed se opakovalo ka\u017ed\u00fdch 52 let), p\u0159edpov\u00eddan\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed jm\u00e9no n\u00e1vratu Quetzalc\u00e9atla, se objevilo v roce 1519. Z v\u00fdchodu se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily pov\u011bsti \u010dty\u0159noh\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u0161er s lidsk\u00fdmi t\u011bly vyr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edmi z jejich zad, o neporaziteln\u00fdch cizinc\u00edch se smrt\u00edc\u00edmi zbran\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed poch\u00e1zely z velk\u00fdch dom\u016f na mo\u0159i, a siln\u00e9ho vousat\u00e9ho v\u016fdce. Vracel se Quetzalc\u00f3atl, jak sl\u00edbil? P\u0159\u00edchod nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f se p\u0159esn\u011b shodoval s v\u011b\u0161tbou o n\u00e1vratu boha Quetzalcoatla. B\u00edl\u00e1 ple\u0165, vousy a nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 zbran\u011b \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f p\u0159esn\u011b odpov\u00eddaly indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 legend\u011b. Montezuma, uva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed o znamen\u00edch a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch nov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech, v\u00e1hal, a\u017e bylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Azt\u00e9ck\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159<\/strong>
Azt\u00e9ck\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159, nebo tak\u00e9 Azt\u00e9ck\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed k\u00e1men (Piedra del Sol) shrnuje jejich k\u0159ehk\u00fd vesm\u00edr. Monolit ve tvaru disku, jeho\u017e velikost souvis\u00ed s \u010dasov\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm, pohybem hv\u011bzd a cykly m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f koncipovan\u00fdmi mexickou kulturou. Ve st\u0159edu monolitu je vy\u0159ez\u00e1na tv\u00e1\u0159 Tonatiuh, kterou Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 znaj\u00ed jako p\u00e1t\u00e9ho sol\u00e1rn\u00edho boha (jeho jm\u00e9no znamen\u00e1 tona: slunce, tiuh: go) a kter\u00fd byl v\u016fdcem nebe.<\/span> Kolem n\u011bj jsou \u010dty\u0159i p\u0159edchoz\u00ed Slunce neboli sv\u011btov\u00e9 epochy, ka\u017ed\u00e1 zni\u010den\u00e1. Kalend\u00e1\u0159 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 365 denn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edho cyklu zvan\u00e9ho xiuhpohualli (po\u010det let) a 260 denn\u00edho ritu\u00e1ln\u00edho cyklu zvan\u00e9ho tonalpohualli (po\u010det dn\u00ed). Piedra del Sol byla objevena 17. prosince 1790 a jedn\u00e1 se o blok oliv\u00ednov\u00e9ho \u010dedi\u010de o pr\u016fm\u011bru 3,60 metru a tlou\u0161\u0165ce 122 centimetr\u016f. Celkov\u00e1 hmotnost monolitu je kolem 24 tun.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]  Bernardino de Sahag\u00fan. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernardino_de_Sahag\u00fan<\/span><\/a> 
<\/span>[2] Gibson, M.: Apocalypto. Drama \/ Dobrodru\u017en\u00fd \/ Thriller \/ Ak\u010dn\u00ed \/ Historick\u00fd, USA, 2006, 133 min. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/www.csfd.cz\/film\/221334-apocalypto\/prehled\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Azt\u00e9ck\u00e1 kultura byla velkolep\u00fdm koktejlem toho, co u\u017e pro\u0161lo d\u0159\u00edve, za t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 3000 let st\u0159edoamerick\u00e9ho\u00a0 \u017eivota. S Azt\u00e9ky archeologie konverguje k historii, proto\u017ee mnoho \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f psalo to, co vid\u011bli na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di v desetilet\u00edch po dobyt\u00ed. Jeden – Fray Bernardino de Sahag\u00fan – byl neobvykle piln\u00fd.\u00a0Jeho monument\u00e1ln\u00ed popis azt\u00e9ck\u00e9ho \u017eivota, od v\u00fdchovy d\u011bt\u00ed po biografick\u00fd popis boh\u016f, je nej\u00fapln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pojedn\u00e1n\u00edm o kultu\u0159e Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta z koloni\u00e1ln\u00edho obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3542,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[62,21,7,5,49,43],"class_list":["post-3532","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-aztekove","tag-conquista","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-mexiko","tag-zahady"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3532","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3532"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3532\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3550,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3532\/revisions\/3550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3542"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3532"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3532"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3532"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}