{"id":3900,"date":"2021-07-24T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T22:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=3900"},"modified":"2023-03-17T15:37:34","modified_gmt":"2023-03-17T14:37:34","slug":"haiti-jako-synonymum-chudoby-a-nepokoju","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2021\/07\/24\/haiti-jako-synonymum-chudoby-a-nepokoju\/","title":{"rendered":"Haiti como sin\u00f3nimo de pobreza y agitaci\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Neovladatelnost tohoto n\u00e1roda, kter\u00fd se osamostatnil v roce 1804, je dlouhodob\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Atent\u00e1t na prezidenta Jovenela Moise, kter\u00fd byl ve st\u0159edu 07.06.2021 brzy r\u00e1no pro\u0161pikovan\u00fd kulkami ve sv\u00e9m bydli\u0161ti, nebyl jedin\u00fdm atent\u00e1tem na politick\u00e9ho v\u016fdce v historii karibsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda.<\/b><\/p>\r\n

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Po n\u00e1siln\u00e9 revoluci proti Francii, kterou vedl <\/span>Toussaint-Louverture<\/b> (1743-1803), vyhl\u00e1silo Haiti v roce 1804 nez\u00e1vislost, a stalo se prvn\u00ed \u010dernou republikou. Od t\u00e9 doby se zem\u011b pono\u0159ila do soci\u00e1ln\u00edho a rasov\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 trv\u00e1 dodnes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed prezidenti<\/b><\/p>\r\n

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Jean-Jacques Dessalines <\/b>(1756 \u2013 1806), jeden z v\u016fdc\u016f revoluce, byl prvn\u00edm vl\u00e1dcem Haiti, kdy\u017e se prohl\u00e1sil za c\u00edsa\u0159e. P\u0159ijal r\u016fzn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 programy – represe proti b\u00edl\u00e9 populaci a mulat\u016fm. Odhadem zem\u0159elo asi 3 000 lid\u00ed. V roce 1806, pouh\u00e9 dva roky po n\u00e1stupu k moci, byl Dessalines zavra\u017ed\u011bn p\u0159i lidov\u00e9 vzpou\u0159e.<\/span> Cincinnatus Leconte <\/b>(1854 – 1912), pravnuk Jeana Jacquese Dessalinese, vl\u00e1dl na Haiti od 15. srpna 1911 a\u017e do 8. srpna 1912. Zem\u0159el po v\u00fdbuchu v N\u00e1rodn\u00edm pal\u00e1ci. A\u010dkoli se hovo\u0159ilo o nehod\u011b, v\u017edy se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily pov\u011bsti, \u017ee se jednalo o \u00famyslnou ud\u00e1lost.<\/span> \u00a0Podobn\u00fd osud utrp\u011bl i prezident <\/span>Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam <\/b>\u00a0(1859 \u2013 1915), kter\u00fd v roce 1915 zast\u00e1val \u00fa\u0159ad sotva \u010dty\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce. Po proveden\u00ed \u0159ady autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0159\u00eddil popravu v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 lid\u00ed ve v\u011bznici, co\u017e vedlo k povst\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel. Uch\u00fdlil se na francouzsk\u00e9 velvyslanectv\u00ed, ale povstalci vnikli do budovy a zavra\u017edili ho. Jeho t\u011blo bylo roz\u0159ez\u00e1no.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, president Hait\u00ed, zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd v roce 1915.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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23 pokus\u016f o p\u0159evrat<\/b><\/p>\r\n

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Haiti bylo zem\u00ed su\u017eovanou b\u00eddou, n\u00e1sil\u00edm, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi trag\u00e9diemi a politickou nestabilitou. A ve 20. a 21. stolet\u00ed tomu nebylo jinak. V letech 1945 a\u017e 2019 bylo provedeno ne m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 23 pokus\u016f o pu\u010d, z nich\u017e 15 se uskute\u010dnilo!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch okam\u017eik\u016f bylo, kdy\u017e se <\/span>Francois Duvalier<\/b> (1907 \u2013 1971), zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako \u201ePapa Doc\u201c, prohl\u00e1sil za celo\u017eivotn\u00edho prezidenta. Jeho p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed je p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1no jako vl\u00e1da teroru zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 tajnou polici\u00ed – zn\u00e1mou jako Tontons Macoutes – kter\u00e1 eliminovala nep\u0159\u00e1tele re\u017eimu. V roce 1986, b\u011bhem lidov\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed, uprchl do Francie. Jeho n\u00e1stupcem byl jeho syn Jean-Claude Duvalier<\/strong> \u00a0(1951 \u2013 2014), \u201eB\u00e9b\u00e9 Doc\u201c, kter\u00fd pou\u017eil stejnou t\u011b\u017ekou ruku jako jeho otec.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Fran\u00e7ois Duvalier, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako ‘Papa Doc’.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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V roce 1990 se Jean Bertrand Aristide <\/strong>(1953) stal prvn\u00edm prezidentem, kter\u00fd byl demokraticky zvolen, a byl svr\u017een pu\u010dem v roce 1991. Po odchodu do exilu se do zem\u011b vr\u00e1til o sedm let pozd\u011bji. K prezidentsk\u00e9mu \u00fa\u0159adu se vr\u00e1til v roce 2001 a v roce 2004 pod tlakem USA rezignoval a opustil Haiti.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Expanze USA v regionu<\/b><\/p>\r\n

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20. stolet\u00ed je poznamen\u00e1no expanz\u00ed a vlivem Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v latinskoamerick\u00e9m regionu, z n\u011bho\u017e Haiti neuniklo. Washington zas\u00e1hl v karibsk\u00e9 zemi t\u0159ikr\u00e1t (1915-1934, 1994-1995 a 2004).<\/span> Vedouc\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 USA ospravedlnili tyto intervence tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee hledali hodnotu demokracie, respektu a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot v tomto n\u00e1rod\u011b. Existuje v\u0161ak mnoho analytik\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost na haitsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed zhor\u0161ila situaci v zemi.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“Haiti je experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed laborato\u0159, ve kter\u00e9 nejsou br\u00e1ny v \u00favahu pot\u0159eby obyvatel.\u201c<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n

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Po odchodu prezidenta Jean-Bertranda Aristida v roce 2004 p\u0159ist\u00e1li v zemi americk\u00e9 jednotky. O n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pozd\u011bji se Rada bezpe\u010dnosti rozhodla nahradit je delegac\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00fdch sil OSN, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstala do roku 2017 a kter\u00e1 krom\u011b toho, \u017ee nedok\u00e1zala stabilizovat zemi, nebyla bez kontroverze s v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdmi obvin\u011bn\u00edmi ze sexu\u00e1ln\u00edho zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Podle n\u00e1zoru novin\u00e1\u0159e a politick\u00e9ho analytika <\/span>Alexandra Anfrunse<\/b> bylo Haiti \u201eobsazeno OSN a koalic\u00ed zem\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e1 provedla \u201eskute\u010dnou invazi\u201c. Krom\u011b toho se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1rod \u201eje experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed laborato\u0159\u00ed, v n\u00ed\u017e nejsou br\u00e1ny v \u00favahu pot\u0159eby populace\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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V lednu 2010 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed situaci je\u0161t\u011b zhor\u0161ilo, kdy\u017e se p\u0159ehnalo velkou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Haiti. Katastrofa, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch odhad\u016f zem\u0159elo 100 000 a\u017e 316 000 lid\u00ed.<\/span> V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b zem\u011b trp\u00ed hlubokou kriz\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed, kterou prohlubuj\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00ed boje mezi\u00a0 ozbrojen\u00fdmi gangy, kter\u00e9 soupe\u0159\u00ed o kontrolu nad nejchud\u0161\u00edmi \u010dtvrt\u011bmi v Port-au-Prince.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Ekonomika a spole\u010dnost<\/b><\/p>\r\n

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V t\u00e9to souvislosti nebyl mo\u017en\u00fd jeho ekonomick\u00fd rozvoj. N\u00e1rod – s velk\u00fdmi nerovnostmi mezi venkovem a m\u011bstem – m\u00e1 11,26 milionu obyvatel a podle Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 60% neboli 6,3 milionu chud\u00fdch a 24%, tj. 2,5 milionu, je v situaci extr\u00e9mn\u00ed chudoby.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“Hospod\u00e1\u0159skou situaci na Haiti je t\u0159eba analyzovat s p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k historick\u00e9 perspektiv\u011b. Nen\u00ed to chud\u00e1 zem\u011b n\u00e1hodou. Byla ochuzena z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b a zejm\u00e9na vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm struktur neokolonialismu,” tvrd\u00ed Anfruns.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“Haiti – jedna z m\u00e1la zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00e1 dosud nedostala vakc\u00ednu proti Covidu 19.<\/b>“<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n

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HDP zem\u011b – podle indexu lidsk\u00e9ho rozvoje na 170 z 189 – se v roce 2020 sn\u00ed\u017eilo o 3,8% s pandemi\u00ed koronavir\u016f, co\u017e zhor\u0161ilo ji\u017e tak slabou ekonomiku a politickou nestabilitu. Panor\u00e1ma, kter\u00e1 p\u0159im\u011bla mnoho Hai\u0165an\u016f emigrovat hlavn\u011b do sousedn\u00ed zem\u011b, Dominik\u00e1nsk\u00e9 republiky, ale tak\u00e9 do USA, Kanady a Francie, b\u00fdval\u00fdch metropol\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Politolog znovu opakuje, \u017ee existuje \u201e\u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 pozad\u00ed\u201c a \u017ee existuj\u00ed \u201ezem\u011b zapojen\u00e9 tak, aby se lid\u00e9 nerozv\u00edjeli a aby haitsk\u00e9 elity slou\u017eily americk\u00e9mu imperialismu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Podle jeho n\u00e1zoru prozat\u00edmn\u00ed p\u0159edseda vl\u00e1dy Haiti <\/span>Claude Joseph<\/b> \u201eje v \u00fazk\u00e9m kontaktu\u201c s ministrem zahrani\u010d\u00ed USA Antoniem Blinkenem \u201es osobou, kter\u00e1 byla pro\u0161kolena pod rou\u0161kou CIA\u201c. \u201eElita, kter\u00e1 po atent\u00e1tu (na Mo\u00efse) v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159evezme ot\u011b\u017ee, bude udr\u017eovat stejnou politiku, kter\u00e1 uvrhuje obyvatele Haiti do extr\u00e9mn\u00ed chudoby,\u201c uzav\u00edr\u00e1 politolog.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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[1] Hait\u00ed, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del asesinato de Jovenel Mo\u00efse: una historia de pobreza, golpes de Estado y magnicidios. 08.07.2021. rt.com. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/actualidad.rt.com\/actualidad\/397258-haiti-historia-pobreza-golpes-asesinatos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La ingobernabilidad de esta naci\u00f3n, que se independiz\u00f3 en 1804, es un problema de larga data. El asesinato del presidente Jovenel Moise, acribillado a balazos en su residencia la madrugada del mi\u00e9rcoles 7 de junio de 2021, no fue el \u00fanico asesinato de un l\u00edder pol\u00edtico en la historia de la naci\u00f3n caribe\u00f1a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3906,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[203,7,5],"class_list":["post-3900","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-haiti","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":true,"content":false,"excerpt":true}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3900","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3900"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3900\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4623,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3900\/revisions\/4623"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3906"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3900"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3900"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3900"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}