{"id":47,"date":"2019-06-15T00:10:29","date_gmt":"2019-06-14T22:10:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=47"},"modified":"2019-08-09T13:15:25","modified_gmt":"2019-08-09T11:15:25","slug":"incka-pevnost-ollantaytambo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2019\/06\/15\/incka-pevnost-ollantaytambo\/","title":{"rendered":"Inck\u00e1 pevnost Ollantaytambo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cel\u00fd sv\u011bt zn\u00e1 perlu Ink\u016f Machu Picchu<\/em>, ale jen mal\u00e9 procento zn\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b Ollantaytambo. P\u0159eneseme se tedy do m\u00edsta, kter\u00e9 je na trase sm\u011brem k Machu Picchu<\/em>, do provincie Urubamba<\/em> s hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem tohoto okresu Ollantaytambo<\/em>. M\u011bste\u010dko le\u017e\u00ed asi 90 km severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Cuzca<\/em>, ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 2792 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em, na okraji \u0159eky Urubamba.<\/em> Pat\u0159\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 k ne tolik zn\u00e1m\u00fdm m\u00edst\u016fm, p\u0159esto z hlediska historie a architektury je dle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru daleko cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b ji\u017e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 sv\u011btozn\u00e1m\u00e9 Machu Picchu.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"
Viracocha neboli \u201eTunupa\u201c<\/span>. Foto: autor<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Turist\u00e9 se tam dnes mohou dostat po silnici, a nebo vlakem z Cuzca, kter\u00fd d\u00e1le pokra\u010duje a\u017e do Aguas Calientes, co\u017e je vesnice na \u00fapat\u00ed pod Machu Picchu (vlakem budete v Aguas z Ollantaytambo ani ne za 2,5 hodiny).<\/span>
Ollantaytambo n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edkovi poskytne po proch\u00e1zce jeho starobyl\u00fdmi uli\u010dkami dokonal\u00fd a kouzeln\u00fd pocit n\u00e1vratu do minulosti. Dodnes se zde zachovaly p\u016fvodn\u00ed ulice, masivn\u00ed kamenn\u00e9 zdi a vodn\u00ed kan\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 jsou nyn\u00ed pro\u0161lapan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdmi potomky \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Ink\u016f, nebo\u0165 tato obec z\u016fstala od t\u00e9 doby v\u017edy obydlena. P\u0159i pr\u016fjezdu vesni\u010dkou se pono\u0159\u00edte do star\u00fdch \u010das\u016f a jen \u010dek\u00e1te, odkud vyjdou pr\u016fvody poddan\u00fdch, aby uctili Syna Slunce, samotn\u00e9ho Inku. P\u0159i p\u0159\u00edjezdu, p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edkem, na stran\u011b, kde slunce zapad\u00e1, se ty\u010d\u00ed impozantn\u00ed pevnost a p\u0159ed n\u00ed, jako v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd str\u00e1\u017ece, tv\u00e1\u0159 boha Viracocha<\/strong> neboli \u201eTunupa<\/em>\u201c, vytesan\u00e1 do hory Pinkuylluna\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010c\u00edm tedy bylo Ollantaytambo? Vyp\u016fj\u010dme si dobov\u00e1 slova \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho kronik\u00e1\u0159e Ciezy de Le\u00f3na<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eNa tomto m\u00edst\u011b m\u011bli Inkov\u00e9 velkou pevnost, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v cel\u00e9 jejich \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, postavenou mezi skalami, tak, \u017ee s pouh\u00fdm minimem lid\u00ed se dal odrazit velk\u00fd \u00fatok. Mezi t\u011bmito skalami byly sk\u00e1ly naskl\u00e1d\u00e1ny a postaveny tak, \u017ee \u010dinily toto m\u00edsto nedobytn\u00e9. Odspoda a\u017e nahoru jsou velk\u00e9 a \u0161irok\u00e9 platformy, kter\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed jako st\u011bny nad sebou. V dob\u00e1ch m\u00edru se zde s\u00e1zelo osivo, v dob\u00e1ch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch to bylo ide\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00edsto na obranu.\u201c<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os\u00eddlen\u00ed Ollantaytamba<\/em> je tak star\u00e9 jako n\u011bkter\u00e9 z jeho impozantn\u00edch kamen\u016f. Komplex zahrnoval bytov\u00e9 komplexy, chr\u00e1my, \u0161irok\u00e9 platformy pro setbu, colcas<\/strong> (inck\u00e9 z\u00e1sobn\u00edky p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na obil\u00ed) a r\u016fzn\u00e9 prostory, jejich\u017e funkce dosud nikdo nebyl schopen p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit. P\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 my\u0161lenka, \u017ee je to nedokon\u010den\u00e9 z epochy dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle lingvisty Rodolfa Palomina Cerr\u00f3na<\/em>, n\u00e1zev \u201eOllantay<\/em>\u201c poch\u00e1z\u00ed z ajmar\u0161tiny (vytla\u010dena pozd\u011bji ke\u010du\u00e1n\u0161tinou) tedy \u201eUlla-nta-wi<\/em>\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 “m\u00edsto, d\u00edvat se dol\u016f”, tj. rozhledna. K p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed slova \u201etambo<\/em>\u201c do\u0161lo pozd\u011bji. Sv\u011bdectv\u00ed domorod\u00fdch vesni\u010dan\u016f, kter\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017edil kronik\u00e1\u0159 Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa<\/em> (1570) ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed dobyt\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed Inky, zde k nim panovalo hlubok\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed, dokonce i mezi kmeny v okol\u00ed m\u011bsta Cusco. Jeho inform\u00e1to\u0159i mu sd\u011blili, \u017ee Inka Pachacutec<\/em> po\u017eadoval po jejich p\u0159edc\u00edch platbu dan\u00ed. Obyvatel\u00e9 to odm\u00edtli a tak v odvet\u011b za neuposlechnut\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkazu, vesnici siln\u00e1 inck\u00e1 arm\u00e1da napadla a zni\u010dila. Pachacutec<\/em> si pak toto \u00fazem\u00ed n\u00e1rokoval jako sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed a p\u0159ipojil ho k \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. D\u00edky tomu zde dal vystav\u011bt n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 budovy, jejich\u017e poz\u016fstatky se zachovaly dodnes. Pro tuto v\u00fdstavbu povolal pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly z Collao, oblasti v bl\u00edzkosti jezera Titicaca <\/em>a Tiahuanaco.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e9 dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 conquist\u011b, v roce 1532, po zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed Inky Atahualpy rukama dobyvatel\u016f, byl jimi  korunov\u00e1n Manco Inca Yupanqui<\/strong> s jasn\u00fdm z\u00e1m\u011brem j\u00edm manipulovat. Ale Inca si v\u0161\u00edmal velmi dob\u0159e situace. Byl \u010dasto poni\u017eov\u00e1n a proto uprchl a podn\u00edtil povst\u00e1n\u00ed. T\u00edm za\u010dal v\u00e1lku, kter\u00e1 o 50 let pozd\u011bji znamenala definitivn\u00ed konec \u0158\u00ed\u0161e Ink\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tato historie je nejm\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1mou kapitolou v tragick\u00e9m osudu legend\u00e1rn\u00edho st\u00e1tu. Manco Inca Yupanqui<\/em> se d\u00edky ka\u017edodenn\u00edmu kontaktu s dobyvateli pou\u010dil, pochopil a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b se vycvi\u010dil v jejich metod\u00e1ch boje. Nav\u00edc m\u011bl \u00fazk\u00e9 vazby s mitimaes<\/em> (ke\u010du\u00e1nsk\u00e9 slovo ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed inck\u00e9 osadn\u00edky, rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 mimo hlavn\u00ed s\u00eddla a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed inckou kulturu do vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch oblast\u00ed). Z toho d\u016fvodu byl velmi dob\u0159e informov\u00e1n a byl p\u0159ipraven \u010delit arm\u00e1d\u011b Hernanda Pizarra.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Foto:
Obr. Pohled dol\u016f z pevnosti. Foto: autor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jedna z nejdramati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kapitol v historii t\u011bchto let, je bitva o Cuzco. Manco Inka<\/em> jej sice oblehl s asi 20 tis\u00edci voj\u00e1ky a vyp\u00e1lil, ale nemohl ho natrvalo obsadit, proto\u017ee jeho jednotky, slo\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z roln\u00edk\u016f, se vr\u00e1tili k pr\u00e1ci na sklizni…<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manco se pot\u00e9 rozhodl usadit pr\u00e1v\u011b v Ollantaytambo<\/em>, kde byl v lednu 1537 napaden \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdmi vojsky, slo\u017een\u00e9 v\u0161ak p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z indi\u00e1n\u016f n\u00e1roda Ca\u00f1aris<\/strong>, Chachapoyas<\/strong> a Wancas<\/strong>, veden\u00e9 dobyvatelem Hernandem Pizarrem.<\/em> Ob\u011b arm\u00e1dy se setkaly na bl\u00edzk\u00e9 pl\u00e1ni, zvan\u00e9 Mascabamba.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bitva trvala cel\u00fd den a v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed si p\u0159ipsal Manco Inka<\/em>, kdy\u017e jeho voj\u00e1ci odklonili \u0159eku Vilcanota<\/em> a zaplavili planinu. T\u00edm znemo\u017enili ob\u00e1van\u00e9 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 kaval\u00e9rii se rozvinout a za\u00fato\u010dit na pozice ink\u016f. Po krvav\u00e9 bitv\u011b Pizarro<\/em> na\u0159\u00eddil sta\u017een\u00ed. Bylo to velk\u00e9 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed pro Inku a jedin\u00e9 velk\u00e9 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v historii Inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e proti \u0160pan\u011bl\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ale i p\u0159es tento \u00fasp\u011bch nakonec Manco<\/em> opou\u0161t\u00ed m\u011bsto a odch\u00e1z\u00ed do d\u017eungle, kde zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 m\u011bsto Vilcabamba<\/strong>, ve kter\u00e9m je o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji (p\u0159esn\u011bji  v roce 1545) zavra\u017ed\u011bn. Ollantaytambo<\/em> se v roce 1540 dostalo do \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch rukou. \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l daroval m\u011bsto Hernandu Pizarrovi<\/em> a m\u00edstn\u00ed indi\u00e1ni museli za\u010d\u00edt platit dan\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Peru je z hlediska archeologie nep\u0159ebern\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed m\u00edst. Jen v okol\u00ed Cusca je jich na t\u0159i tis\u00edce. Z hlediska architektury mohu za nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pam\u00e1tky jmenovat t\u0159i a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm samotn\u00e9 Cuzco s chr\u00e1mem Slunce Coricancha<\/em>, za druh\u00e9 pevnost Sacsayhuam\u00e1n<\/em> a pr\u00e1v\u011b Ollantaytambo<\/em>. Turista, kter\u00fd sem dnes zav\u00edt\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee obdivovat kamenn\u00e9 terasy a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kamen\u016f, kter\u00e9 d\u00edky syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1mk\u016f do sebe zapadaj\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm a t\u011b\u017eko vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se mezi nimi nenal\u00e9zaj\u00ed mezery a nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 mezi n\u011b cokoliv zasunout. Jedn\u00e1 se o technologii, kterou dodnes nejsme schopni napodobit.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K tomu se v\u00e1\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b jedna z\u00e1hada. P\u0159i pohledu na mnoh\u00e9 balvany dostane \u010dlov\u011bk pocit, jako by byly kdysi m\u011bkk\u00e9 a plastick\u00e9. Na \u0159ad\u011b m\u00edst po cel\u00e9m Ollantaytambu<\/em> najdeme kameny, kter\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed, jako kdybychom prstem ud\u011blali r\u00fdhu do model\u00edny. Fotografie jsou dokonale v\u00fdmluvn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1hadou jsou kamenn\u00e9 desky na vrcholu pevnosti, kter\u00e9 na m\u00edst\u011b absolutn\u011b postr\u00e1daj\u00ed smysl. Jedn\u00e1 se o \u0161est kamenn\u00fdch desek z odli\u0161n\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, ne\u017e je postaven zbytek pevnosti. Nejedn\u00e1 se toti\u017e o m\u00edstn\u00ed materi\u00e1l. Jde o ryolit<\/em>, v\u00fdlevn\u00fd ekvivalent \u017euly. Nen\u00ed to \u010dast\u00fd stavebn\u00ed materi\u00e1l Ink\u016f, hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je \u0161ed\u00fd andezit (pojmenovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edmo podle And).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1 ve chv\u00edli, kdy pr\u016fvodce uk\u00e1\u017ee m\u00edsto, odkud se sem ryolitov\u00e9 desky dostaly. V d\u00e1lce, p\u0159es \u00fadol\u00ed v hor\u00e1ch, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 a ukazuje p\u0159itom rukou do zaml\u017een\u00fdch oblak\u016f, je lom, z kter\u00e9ho se ty kameny p\u0159epravovaly na m\u00edsto sem. Dodnes nikdo nen\u00ed schopen vysv\u011btlit, jakou technologi\u00ed bylo dosa\u017eeno p\u0159epravy kamen\u016f na takovou vzd\u00e1lenost a jak byly p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1ny v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly, nebo\u0165 hmotnost kamen\u016f je ve stovk\u00e1ch tun.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Dokonale sl\u00edcovan\u00e9 kameny jsou dodnes z\u00e1hadou. Foto: autor.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dokonal\u00e9 sl\u00edcov\u00e1n\u00ed kamen\u016f bylo jist\u011b dosa\u017eeno technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je dodnes nepochopiteln\u00e1 i odborn\u00edk\u016fm. Jej\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed si vzala \u0158\u00ed\u0161e Ink\u016f do nen\u00e1vratna.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cel\u00fd sv\u011bt zn\u00e1 perlu Ink\u016f Machu Picchu, ale jen mal\u00e9 procento zn\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b Ollantaytambo. P\u0159eneseme se tedy do m\u00edsta, kter\u00e9 je na trase sm\u011brem k Machu Picchu, do provincie Urubamba s hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem tohoto okresu Ollantaytambo.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[7,13,12,10,4],"class_list":["post-47","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-historie","tag-inkove","tag-ollantaytambo","tag-pedro-cieza-de-leon","tag-peru"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2808,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47\/revisions\/2808"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}