{"id":4820,"date":"2024-01-16T08:58:25","date_gmt":"2024-01-16T07:58:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=4820"},"modified":"2024-01-16T08:58:25","modified_gmt":"2024-01-16T07:58:25","slug":"laserove-mapovani-odhalilo-nejstarsi-amazonska-mesta-postavena-pred-2500-lety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2024\/01\/16\/laserove-mapovani-odhalilo-nejstarsi-amazonska-mesta-postavena-pred-2500-lety\/","title":{"rendered":"Laserov\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed odhalilo nejstar\u0161\u00ed amazonsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta postaven\u00e1 p\u0159ed 2500 lety"},"content":{"rendered":"

Archeologov\u00e9 kdysi v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee starov\u011bk\u00fd amazonsk\u00fd de\u0161tn\u00fd prales byl nehostinn\u00fdm m\u00edstem, \u0159\u00eddce os\u00eddlen\u00fdm skupinami lovc\u016f a sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f. Ale poz\u016fstatky obrovsk\u00fdch zemn\u00edch prac\u00ed, pyramid a silnic z Bol\u00edvie do Braz\u00edlie objeven\u00e9 v posledn\u00edch dvou desetilet\u00edch, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee Amazonie byla domovem velk\u00fdch a slo\u017eit\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem evropsk\u00fdch koloniz\u00e1tor\u016f.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed existuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy, \u017ee jak\u00e1si spole\u010dnost \u2013 dosud nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u2013 zanechala v regionu svou stopu: Hust\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00fdch m\u011bst, nyn\u00ed ukryt\u00e1 pod lesem v ekv\u00e1dorsk\u00e9m \u00fadol\u00ed Upano, byla odhalena technologi\u00ed laserov\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zvanou lidar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00eddla, kter\u00e1 jsou dnes pops\u00e1na v \u010dasopisu Science, jsou nejm\u00e9n\u011b 2500 let star\u00e1, tedy o v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 let star\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jak\u00e1koliv jin\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 amazonsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edstroj Lidar, kter\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje prohl\u00e9dnout lesem, a rekonstruovat starov\u011bk\u00e1 m\u00edsta pod nimi, <\/span>\u201erevolucionizuje na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed Amazonie v p\u0159edkolumbovsk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch,\u201c <\/span><\/i>\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 <\/span>Carla Jaimes Betancourt<\/b>, archeolo\u017eka z univerzity v Bonnu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nalezen\u00ed takov\u00e9 starobyl\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b v \u00fadol\u00ed Upano ukazuje dlouho nepoznanou rozmanitost starov\u011bk\u00fdch amazonsk\u00fdch kultur, kter\u00e9 archeologov\u00e9 teprve za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed b\u00fdt schopni rekonstruovat. <\/span>St\u00e9phen Rostain<\/b>, archeolog z CNRS, francouzsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 agentury, za\u010dal s vykop\u00e1vkami v \u00fadol\u00ed Upano t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159ed 30 lety. Jeho t\u00fdm se zam\u011b\u0159il na dv\u011b velk\u00e9 osady, zvan\u00e9 Sangay a Kilamope, a na\u0161el mohyly, organizovan\u00e9 kolem centr\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, keramiku, zdobenou barvou, a vyryt\u00fdmi linkami, a velk\u00e9 d\u017eb\u00e1ny, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed zbytky tradi\u010dn\u00edho kuku\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9ho piva chicha. Radiokarbonov\u00e1 data uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee m\u00edsta v Upano byla os\u00eddlena p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od roku 500 p\u0159. n. l. do 300 a\u017e 600 n. l. \u201eV\u011bd\u011bl jsem, \u017ee m\u00e1me zji\u0161t\u011bno spoustu staveb,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Rostain. “Ale nem\u011bl jsem \u00fapln\u00fd p\u0159ehled o regionu.” To se zm\u011bnilo, kdy\u017e ekv\u00e1dorsk\u00fd N\u00e1rodn\u00ed institut pro kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed v roce 2015 financoval lidarov\u00fd pr\u016fzkum \u00fadol\u00ed. Speci\u00e1ln\u011b vybaven\u00e1 letadla vys\u00edlala laserov\u00e9 pulsy do lesa, a m\u011b\u0159ila jejich zp\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed cestu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e odhalila topografick\u00e9 prvky, kter\u00e9 jinak pod stromy nejsou vid\u011bt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Stavby, farmy a silnice jsou o 1000 let star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159edchoz\u00ed objevy!<\/b><\/p>\n

Data lidaru umo\u017enila Rostainovi a jeho spolupracovn\u00edk\u016fm vid\u011bt souvislosti mezi osadami, a tak\u00e9 odhalila mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165. <\/span>“Ka\u017ed\u00fd den byly V\u00e1noce s nov\u00fdm d\u00e1rkem,”<\/span><\/i> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Rostain. T\u00fdm identifikoval p\u011bt velk\u00fdch osad a 10 men\u0161\u00edch na 300 kilometrech \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch v \u00fadol\u00ed Upano, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 je hust\u011b zapln\u011bn\u00e1 obytn\u00fdmi a ob\u0159adn\u00edmi strukturami. M\u011bsta jsou protknuta obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fdmi zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi poli, a obklopena terasami na svahu, kde lid\u00e9 p\u011bstovali plodiny, v\u010detn\u011b kuku\u0159ice, manioku a sladk\u00fdmi bramborami, nalezen\u00fdmi v minul\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1ch. \u0160irok\u00e9, rovn\u00e9 silnice spojovaly m\u011bsta mezi sebou, a ulice vedly mezi domy a \u010dtvrt\u011bmi v ka\u017ed\u00e9 osad\u011b. \u201eMluv\u00edme o urbanismu,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 spoluautor Fernando Mej\u00eda, archeolog z Pape\u017esk\u00e9 katolick\u00e9 univerzity v Ekv\u00e1doru.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Mapa m\u011bsta Kunguints v ekv\u00e1dorsk\u00e9 Amazonii po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed lidaru ukazuje starobyl\u00e9 ulice lemovan\u00e9 domy. Zdroj [1]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>I kdy\u017e v\u011bdci zat\u00edm nev\u011bd\u00ed, kolik lid\u00ed \u017eilo v \u00fadol\u00ed Upano, osady byly velk\u00e9: nap\u0159\u00edklad j\u00e1drov\u00e1 oblast Kilamope pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 oblast srovnatelnou velikost\u00ed G\u00edzskou plo\u0161inou v Egypt\u011b, posetou pyramidami, nebo hlavn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddou v Teotihuac\u00e1nu v Mexiku. Rozsah \u00fapravy krajiny Upano konkuruje \u201ezahradn\u00edm m\u011bst\u016fm\u201c klasick\u00fdch May\u016f, \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed auto\u0159i. A to, co bylo dosud objeveno, \u201eje jen \u0161pi\u010dkou ledovce\u201c toho, co lze nal\u00e9zt v ekv\u00e1dorsk\u00e9 Amazonii, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Mej\u00eda.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00ed\u0165 silnic, spojuj\u00edc\u00edch lokality Upano nazna\u010duje, \u017ee v\u0161echny existovaly ve stejnou dobu. Jsou o tis\u00edcilet\u00ed star\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jin\u00e9 amazonsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, v\u010detn\u011b Llanos de Mojos, ned\u00e1vno objeven\u00e9ho starov\u011bk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu v Bol\u00edvii. M\u011bsta v \u00fadol\u00ed Upano byla hust\u0161\u00ed a propojen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e m\u00edsta v Llanos de Mojos, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Rostain. \u201e\u0158\u00edk\u00e1me \u201aAmazonia\u2018, ale m\u011bli bychom \u0159\u00edkat \u201aAmazonias\u2018\u201c, abychom zachytili starov\u011bkou kulturn\u00ed rozmanitost regionu, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1. Podrobnosti o ka\u017ed\u00e9 kultu\u0159e se v\u0161ak st\u00e1le objevuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr. Leteck\u00fd pohled na komplex hlin\u011bn\u00fdch platforemVelk\u00fd komplex hlin\u011bn\u00fdch plo\u0161in v Nijiamanch, jedn\u00e9 z m\u011bstsk\u00fdch s\u00eddel v \u00fadol\u00ed Upano. Foto ST\u00c9PHEN ROSTAIN<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lid\u00e9 v \u00fadol\u00ed Upano i v Llanos de Mojos byli farm\u00e1\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed stav\u011bli silnice, kan\u00e1ly a velk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 nebo slavnostn\u00ed budovy. Ale \u201eZa\u010d\u00edn\u00e1me ch\u00e1pat, jak tato m\u011bsta fungovala,\u201c v\u010detn\u011b toho, kolik lid\u00ed v nich \u017eilo, s k\u00fdm obchodovali, a jak jim vl\u00e1dli, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Jaimes Betancourt, kter\u00fd zkoum\u00e1 Llanos de Mojos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je tedy p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 brzy srovn\u00e1vat m\u011bsta Upano se spole\u010dnostmi, jako jsou Classic Maya a Teotihuacan, kter\u00e9 byly \u201emnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Thomas Garrison, archeolog a geograf na University of Texas v Austinu, kter\u00fd se specializuje na p\u0159\u00edstroj lidar, a nebyl zapojen do t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce. P\u0159esto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: “Je \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9, \u017ee na na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b st\u00e1le m\u016f\u017eeme d\u011blat tyto druhy objev\u016f a nach\u00e1zet nov\u00e9 komplexn\u00ed kultury ve 21. stolet\u00ed.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago | Science | AAAS Online: <\/span>https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/laser-mapping-reveals-oldest-amazonian-cities-built-2500-years-ago<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Archeologov\u00e9 kdysi v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee starov\u011bk\u00fd amazonsk\u00fd de\u0161tn\u00fd prales byl nehostinn\u00fdm m\u00edstem, \u0159\u00eddce os\u00eddlen\u00fdm skupinami lovc\u016f a sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f. Ale poz\u016fstatky obrovsk\u00fdch zemn\u00edch prac\u00ed, pyramid a silnic z Bol\u00edvie do Braz\u00edlie objeven\u00e9 v posledn\u00edch dvou desetilet\u00edch, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee Amazonie byla domovem velk\u00fdch a slo\u017eit\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem evropsk\u00fdch koloniz\u00e1tor\u016f.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4823,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[34,69,7,5,218],"class_list":["post-4820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-archeologie","tag-ekvador","tag-historie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-lidar"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4820","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4820"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4820\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4825,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4820\/revisions\/4825"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4823"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4820"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4820"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4820"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}