{"id":4936,"date":"2024-06-14T00:37:46","date_gmt":"2024-06-13T22:37:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=4936"},"modified":"2025-11-14T02:25:55","modified_gmt":"2025-11-14T01:25:55","slug":"znali-inkove-tajnou-techniku-jak-zmekcit-kameny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2024\/06\/14\/znali-inkove-tajnou-techniku-jak-zmekcit-kameny\/","title":{"rendered":"Znali Inkov\u00e9 tajnou techniku, jak \u201ezm\u011bk\u010dit\u201c kameny?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Schopnost jihoamerick\u00fdch kultur zpracov\u00e1vat k\u00e1men a stav\u011bt zdi, schopn\u00e9 odolat nep\u0159\u00edzni p\u0159\u00edrody po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed, udivuje laiky i odborn\u00edky u\u017e dlouho.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Tradi\u010dn\u00ed archeologie argumentuje klasick\u00fdmi kamenick\u00fdmi postupy a tis\u00edciletou zku\u0161enost\u00ed lid\u00ed v&nbsp;pr\u00e1ci s&nbsp;t\u00edmto materi\u00e1lem. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kontakt s&nbsp;touto technologi\u00ed v\u0161ak uv\u00e1d\u00ed v&nbsp;\u00fa\u017eas nad\u0161ence i odborn\u00edky. \u010cas od \u010dasu se vyno\u0159\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy a hypot\u00e9zy o tom, \u017ee tu musela zafungovat n\u011bjak\u00e1 jin\u00e1, nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 technologie, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zpracov\u00e1vat, a tak\u00e9 jinak dopravovat k\u00e1men z&nbsp;lomu na m\u00edsto ur\u010den\u00ed. Jak\u00e1 to je technologie?<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1983 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 RTVE odvys\u00edlala televizn\u00ed dokument El Otro Per\u00fa, jako sou\u010d\u00e1st seri\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd uv\u00e1d\u011bl zn\u00e1m\u00fd psychiatr a badatel Jim\u00e9nez del Oso. V&nbsp;tomto programu se zab\u00fdval jednou z&nbsp;nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1had starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Peru, a ve kter\u00e9 autor rozmlouval se zaj\u00edmavou postavou: otcem Jorge Lira.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd novin\u00e1\u0159 Juanjo P\u00e9rez \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee otec Lira, dnes ji\u017e zesnul\u00fd peru\u00e1nsk\u00fd kn\u011bz, byl jedn\u00edm z&nbsp;nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch odborn\u00edk\u016f na andsk\u00fd folkl\u00f3r. \u0160lo o autora nes\u010detn\u00fdch knih a \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prvn\u00edho slovn\u00edku z&nbsp;ke\u010du\u00e1n\u0161tiny do \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny. Otec Lira \u017eil v&nbsp;mal\u00e9m m\u011bste\u010dku nedaleko Cuzca a Jim\u00e9nez del Oso se tam vydal kv\u016fli znepokojiv\u00e9mu prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed &#8211; otec Lira tvrdil, \u017ee objevil nejl\u00e9pe st\u0159e\u017een\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed Ink\u016f: l\u00e1tku rostlinn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, kter\u00e1 byla schopna zm\u011bk\u010dit kameny.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5358 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ts_znali-inkove-sacsayhuasman.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ts_znali-inkove-sacsayhuasman.jpg 450w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ts_znali-inkove-sacsayhuasman-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ts_znali-inkove-sacsayhuasman-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ale tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh za\u010dal mnohem d\u0159\u00edve\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Legendy mnoha peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch p\u0159edkolumbovsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee bohov\u00e9 dali domorodc\u016fm dva dary, aby mohli stav\u011bt kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed architektonick\u00e1 d\u00edla jako Sacsayhuaman nebo Ollantaytambo. Tyto dary podle otce Liry byly v&nbsp;prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b listem koky, siln\u00fdm anestetikem, kter\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edk\u016fm umo\u017enilo odol\u00e1vat bolesti a fyzick\u00e9mu vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed. Je to pochopiteln\u00e9, jen si zkuste p\u0159edstavit \u00fasil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 muselo b\u00fdt vynalo\u017eeno na stavbu takov\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek. Druh\u00fdm darem v\u0161ak byla rostlina s&nbsp;neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdmi vlastnostmi, kter\u00e1 ve sm\u011bsi s&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00edmi slo\u017ekami prom\u011bnila nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed horniny v&nbsp;pastovitou a tvarovatelnou hmotu.<\/p>\n<p>\u201e\u010ctrn\u00e1ct let,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e Juanjo P\u00e9rez, \u201eotec Lira studoval legendu o starov\u011bk\u00fdch And\u00e1ch a nakonec dok\u00e1zal identifikovat ke\u0159 jotcha jako rostlinu, kter\u00e1 byla po sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed a o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed jinou rostlinou a dal\u0161\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami, schopn\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011bnit k\u00e1men na hl\u00ednu. Starov\u011bc\u00ed domorodci zvl\u00e1dli tuto techniku &#8211; \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 otec Lira v&nbsp;jednom ze sv\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f &#8211; a zm\u011bk\u010dili k\u00e1men na m\u011bkkou hmotu, kterou mohli snadno formovat.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><strong>Andsk\u00e1 efedra, rostlina, kter\u00e1 l\u00e1me kosti<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Americk\u00e9mu pr\u016fzkumn\u00edkovi a politikovi Hiramu Binghamovi, objeviteli Machu Picchu, bylo tak\u00e9 \u0159e\u010deno o existenci rostliny, jej\u00ed\u017e \u0161\u0165\u00e1vy bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u011bk\u010dit kameny tak, aby do sebe dokonale zapadly. O t\u00e9to rostlin\u011b existuj\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1znamy, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed i sebran\u00e9 informace od prvn\u00edch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch kronik\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Pozd\u011bji tuto verzi zkontroloval: \u201eJednoho dne, kdy\u017e t\u00e1bo\u0159il u skalnat\u00e9 \u0159eky, pozoroval pt\u00e1ka, stoj\u00edc\u00edho na sk\u00e1le, m\u011bl v&nbsp;zob\u00e1ku list. Vid\u011bl jsem, jak pt\u00e1k list vlo\u017eil na k\u00e1men a klekl na n\u011bj. Pt\u00e1k se vr\u00e1til dal\u0161\u00ed den. Do t\u00e9 doby se na m\u00edst\u011b, kde byla \u010depel, vytvo\u0159ila vydutina. S&nbsp;touto metodou vytvo\u0159il pt\u00e1k \u201e\u0161\u00e1lek\u201c, kter\u00fd zachytil a napil vody, kter\u00e9 st\u00e9kaly z&nbsp;\u0159eky. \u201c<\/p>\n<p>Argentinsk\u00fd antropolog a v\u011bdec Aukanau ve sv\u00e9m textu v\u011bnovan\u00e9m tajemstv\u00ed pt\u00e1ka Pitiwe, a rostlin\u011b, kter\u00e1 rozpou\u0161t\u00ed \u017eelezo a k\u00e1men, n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 existenci rostliny, kterou Mapuche pova\u017euje za l\u00e9\u010divou, a kter\u00e1 roste v&nbsp;andsk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch od Ekv\u00e1doru do Magellansk\u00e9ho pr\u016flivu. &#8220;Botanici tomu \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed Andsk\u00fd Ephedra a je jednou z&nbsp;t\u011bch, u nich\u017e je podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee jsou slavnou a vyhled\u00e1vanou bylinou Ink\u016f.&#8221;<br \/>\nNen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee se j\u00ed instinktivn\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159ata vyh\u00fdbaj\u00ed, proto\u017ee v\u011bd\u011bly, co se s&nbsp;nimi stane, kdy\u017e ji po\u017eij\u00ed: jsou zn\u00e1mi mal\u00ed savci, kte\u0159\u00ed podlehli, oteklo jim t\u011blo, a jejich kosti nas\u00e1kly \u0161\u0165\u00e1vami z&nbsp;jejich v\u011btv\u00ed a list\u016f.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Je to hust\u011b rozv\u011btven\u00fd ke\u0159, jednotn\u00e9 v\u011btve maj\u00ed a\u017e 40 cm; stonek je n\u011bkdy vysok\u00fd, n\u011bkdy m\u00e1 spletit\u00e9 v\u011btve. Scamiformn\u00ed listy, zakroucen\u00e9 do uzl\u016f. Otec Lira v\u0161ak zem\u0159el v&nbsp;roce 1988 a tajemstv\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a jej\u00edho pou\u017eit\u00ed si vzal do hrobu. Dosud se nikomu nepoda\u0159ilo p\u0159esn\u011b identifikovat takovou podivnou rostlinu, i kdy\u017e \u0159ada nad\u0161enc\u016f nab\u00edz\u00ed st\u00e1le nov\u00e9 a nov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 toho, co mohla b\u00fdt andsk\u00e1 efedra.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: Laklave<\/p>\n<p>Obr\u00e1zek: Sacsayhuaman Wall, Cusco.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ct\u011bte tak\u00e9:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"lXn3xInyKd\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2021\/01\/23\/mohla-rostlina-zmekcit-kamen\/\">Mohla rostlina zm\u011bk\u010dit k\u00e1men?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8222;Mohla rostlina zm\u011bk\u010dit k\u00e1men?&#8220; &#8212; Ji\u017en\u00ed Amerika\" src=\"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2021\/01\/23\/mohla-rostlina-zmekcit-kamen\/embed\/#?secret=yZOB8jTWAD#?secret=lXn3xInyKd\" data-secret=\"lXn3xInyKd\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Schopnost jihoamerick\u00fdch kultur zpracov\u00e1vat k\u00e1men a stav\u011bt zdi, schopn\u00e9 odolat nep\u0159\u00edzni p\u0159\u00edrody po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed, udivuje laiky i odborn\u00edky u\u017e<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1671,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[34,7,43],"class_list":["post-4936","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-historie","tag-zahady"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4936","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4936"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4936\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4950,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4936\/revisions\/4950"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1671"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4936"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4936"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4936"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}