{"id":5028,"date":"2024-09-13T00:29:10","date_gmt":"2024-09-12T22:29:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=5028"},"modified":"2024-08-20T21:48:14","modified_gmt":"2024-08-20T19:48:14","slug":"olmekove-nam-zanechali-tajemny-disk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2024\/09\/13\/olmekove-nam-zanechali-tajemny-disk\/","title":{"rendered":"Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9 n\u00e1m zanechali tajemn\u00fd disk"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u011bhem vykop\u00e1vek ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Olm\u00e9k\u016f San Lorenzo – Tenochtitlan, na\u0161li archeologov\u00e9 \u010dedi\u010dov\u00fd disk, na kter\u00e9m jsou vyryty z\u0159ejm\u011b orl\u00ed dr\u00e1py, a sochu jagu\u00e1ra s otev\u0159enou tlamou a se zk\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00fdma p\u0159edn\u00edma nohama.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Tyto artefakty jsou zat\u00edm v t\u00e9to kultu\u0159e naprosto ojedin\u011bl\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V mexick\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b Veracruz v lokalit\u011b olm\u00e9ck\u00e9ho ob\u0159adn\u00edho centra v m\u011bst\u011b San Lorenzo \u2013 Tenochtitl\u00e1n, byly nalezeny dva p\u0159edm\u011bty, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 asi p\u0159ed 3000 lety. K n\u00e1lezu do\u0161lo nedaleko od Palacio Rojo (luxusn\u00edho Rud\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ce) \u2013 s\u00eddla olm\u00e9ck\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je odkryto asi 25 procent z celkov\u00e9 plochy pal\u00e1cov\u00e9ho komplexu.<\/p>\n

V dohisp\u00e1nsk\u00e9 dob\u011b byly na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho st\u00e1tu Veracruz \u010dty\u0159i indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kultury. Huastec a Otomi \u017eily na severu, Totonac \u2013 v severn\u00ed a centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti st\u00e1tu. Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9, z\u00e1stupci jedn\u00e9 z nejstar\u0161\u00edch kultur v Americe, ovl\u00e1dali ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu Veracruz. Z\u00e1stupci tohoto n\u00e1roda ob\u00fdvali pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u011b oblasti sou\u010dasn\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f Veracruz a Tabasco (jihov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Veracruzu) n\u011bkdy mezi lety 1000 a\u017e 300 let p\u0159. n.l.<\/p>\n

Archeologov\u00e9 objevili n\u011bkolik olm\u00e9ck\u00fdch center v Veracruzu, v\u010detn\u011b San Lorenzo a Tres Zapotes. Tato s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b byla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b b\u011bhem rozkv\u011btu t\u00e9to kultury nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi ceremoni\u00e1ln\u00edmi centry pro celou St\u0159edn\u00ed Ameriku. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu, mnoho antropolog\u016f pova\u017euj\u00ed olm\u00e9ckou kulturu jako zdroj pro \u0159adu n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch st\u0159edoamerick\u00fdch kultur. San Lorenzo \u2013 Tenochtitlan, starobyl\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Olm\u00e9k\u016f, za\u010dalo b\u00fdt budov\u00e1no kolem roku 1800 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, a vrchol jeho prosperity bylo v obdob\u00ed 1400 – 1000 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V tomto obdob\u00ed se m\u011bsto rozkl\u00e1dalo na plo\u0161e 2200 m2, a mohlo v n\u011bm trvale bydlet tis\u00edc, mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce 1200 obyvatel. Dnes je San Lorenzo – Tenochtitl\u00e1n souhrnn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro t\u0159i rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 archeologick\u00e1 nalezi\u0161t\u011b – San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan a Potrero Nuevo. Mimochodem, tento Tenochtitl\u00e1n nelze zam\u011b\u0148ovat s hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Azt\u00e9k\u016f, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1zel na m\u00edst\u011b dne\u0161n\u00edho Mexico City.<\/p>\n

“San Lorenzo bylo nepochybn\u011b nejneobvyklej\u0161\u00ed ze v\u0161ech p\u0159edkolumbijsk\u00fdch kulturn\u00edch center v Nov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 doktor historick\u00fdch v\u011bd, profesor \u00dastavu archeologie RAV Valerij Guljajev, expert na starov\u011bk\u00e9 civilizace. \u201eV\u0161echny budovy a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed uvnit\u0159 hlin\u011bn\u00fdch kopc\u016f, kter\u00e9 st\u00e1ly na ploch\u00e9m vrcholu planiny, zvedaj\u00edc\u00ed se ze savany do v\u00fd\u0161ky t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 50 metr\u016f. B\u011bhem obdob\u00ed de\u0161\u0165\u016f se cel\u00e1 okoln\u00ed rovina napln\u00ed vodou, ale jen n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina San Lorenzo st\u00e1la v n\u00e1dhern\u00e9m osamocen\u00ed uprost\u0159ed zu\u0159\u00edc\u00edch \u017eivl\u016f. P\u0159\u00edroda z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b vytvo\u0159ila bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b pro \u010dlov\u011bka.”<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se ale, \u017ee alespo\u0148 horn\u00edch \u0161est nebo sedm metr\u016f planiny se v\u0161emi sv\u00fdmi h\u0159ebeny a roklemi \u2013 je d\u00edlo lidsk\u00fdch rukou. Je to p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b, proto\u017ee bez technick\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f byla doslova p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bna hora zeminy. To je jedna ze z\u00e1had tohoto n\u00e1roda.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Pro olm\u00e9ckou kulturu jsou charakteristick\u00e9 \u010dedi\u010dov\u00e9 sochy hlav, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed asi 40 tun a maj\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ku a\u017e 3 metry.<\/p>\n

Tyto kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed hlavy jsou i zde. \u010cedi\u010d byl dopravov\u00e1n z 80 kilometr\u016f vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho lomu a podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f byl p\u0159iv\u00e1\u017een na san\u00edch. V mnoha olm\u00e9ck\u00fdch s\u00eddli\u0161t\u00edch st\u00e1ly pyramidov\u00e9 kopce. Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvali p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00edm plodin a rybolovem. Kolem roku 300 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem olmeck\u00e1 civilizace zanik\u00e1, ale pro\u010d se tak stalo, je st\u00e1le nejasn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Archeologick\u00e9 vykop\u00e1vky odhalily je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u017easnou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost. Kdy\u017e mno\u017estv\u00ed kamenn\u00fdch soch, nalezen\u00fdch d\u0159\u00edve nebo b\u011bhem sou\u010dasn\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vek, byly zaneseny na mapu, vznikly \u0159ady, orientovan\u00e9 ve sm\u011bru sever – jih. Krom\u011b toho, ka\u017ed\u00fd monument v San Lorenzo byl \u00famysln\u011b rozbit nebo po\u0161kozen, ale pot\u00e9 polo\u017een na speci\u00e1ln\u00ed podklad z \u010derven\u00e9ho \u0161t\u011brku a pokryt silnou vrstvou zeminy a domovn\u00edho odpadu.<\/p>\n

\"\"Podle den\u00edku El Universal Veracruz, archeologov\u00e9 na\u0161li \u010dedi\u010dov\u00fd disk o pr\u016fm\u011bru 61 cm, na kter\u00e9m jsou vyryty dva obrazce, je\u017e by mohly p\u0159edstavovat orl\u00ed dr\u00e1py. Jeho \u00fa\u010del nebo smysl je nezn\u00e1m\u00fd. Byla tak\u00e9 nalezena po\u0161kozen\u00e1 socha, v\u00e1\u017e\u00edc\u00ed 300 kg, zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed jagu\u00e1ra s otev\u0159enou tlamou s p\u0159ek\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00fdma p\u0159edn\u00edma nohama, z nich\u017e jedna je po\u0161kozen\u00e1. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee tyto artefakty mohly pat\u0159it n\u011bkter\u00e9mu v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00e9mu obyvateli m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem vykop\u00e1vek v Rud\u00e9m pal\u00e1ci archeologov\u00e9 objevili v ob\u00fdvac\u00edch a skladov\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch ne\u00fapln\u00e9 nebo po\u0161kozen\u00e9 sochy z \u010dedi\u010de. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee tento materi\u00e1l poch\u00e1zel z velmi vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a byl velmi cenn\u00fd, tak ho Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9 nevyhazovali, ale pou\u017eili k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u011bl.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u011bhem vykop\u00e1vek ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Olm\u00e9k\u016f San Lorenzo – Tenochtitlan, na\u0161li archeologov\u00e9 \u010dedi\u010dov\u00fd disk, na kter\u00e9m jsou vyryty z\u0159ejm\u011b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5037,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[34,5,154],"class_list":["post-5028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-archeologie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-olmekove"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5028","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5028"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5028\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5036,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5028\/revisions\/5036"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5037"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5028"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5028"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5028"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}