{"id":5269,"date":"2025-06-20T00:02:39","date_gmt":"2025-06-19T22:02:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=5269"},"modified":"2025-06-21T22:13:45","modified_gmt":"2025-06-21T20:13:45","slug":"co-bylo-hnuti-19-dubna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2025\/06\/20\/co-bylo-hnuti-19-dubna\/","title":{"rendered":"Co bylo hnut\u00ed 19.&nbsp;dubna"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Sou\u010dasn\u00fd kolumbijsk\u00fd prezident <em>Gustavo Petro<\/em> se prezentuje jako levicov\u00fd politik a b\u00fdval\u00fd \u010dlen slavn\u00e9 guerillov\u00e9 organizace <em>\u201eHnut\u00ed 19.&nbsp;dubna\u201c (M-19).<\/em><\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Pokud o tom budeme mluvit up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b a v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, jeho <em>\u201elevi\u010d\u00e1ctv\u00ed\u201c<\/em> je srovnateln\u00e9 s&nbsp;jeho \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed v&nbsp;M-19, kter\u00e1 byla minim\u00e1ln\u00ed a v&nbsp;ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v&nbsp;hnut\u00ed nikdy nehr\u00e1l \u017e\u00e1dnou d\u016fle\u017eitou roli. To je v\u0161ak dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod k&nbsp;p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed M-19, kter\u00e9 zapsalo sv\u011btlou str\u00e1nku do modern\u00edch kolumbijsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<\/p>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed hnut\u00ed byly velkolep\u00e9 symbolick\u00e9 akce, v&nbsp;nich\u017e se prvek neboj\u00e1cnosti m\u00edsil s&nbsp;trollingem na \u00fa\u0159ady.<\/p>\n<p>Hnut\u00ed dostalo sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no na pam\u00e1tku zmanipulovan\u00fdch prezidentsk\u00fdch voleb 19.&nbsp;dubna 1970 a bylo aktivn\u00ed v&nbsp;letech 1974 a\u017e 1990, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se stalo druhou guerillskou silou v&nbsp;<em>Kolumbii<\/em> po FARC.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1974 ukradli rebelov\u00e9 z&nbsp;M-19 z&nbsp;muzea v&nbsp;Bogot\u011b me\u010d <strong><em>Simona Bol\u00edvara<\/em><\/strong>, kter\u00fd si hnut\u00ed vzalo \u201edo do\u010dasn\u00e9ho \u00faschovy\u201c se slibem, \u017ee jej po osvobozen\u00ed vr\u00e1t\u00ed kolumbijsk\u00e9mu lidu.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1978 byl b\u011bhem operace Modr\u00e1 velryba vykop\u00e1n tajn\u00fd tunel dlouh\u00fd 80 metr\u016f a na Silvestra bylo z&nbsp;jedn\u011bch z&nbsp;hlavn\u00edch kas\u00e1ren hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta vyneseno 5&nbsp;000 kulomet\u016f bez jedin\u00e9ho v\u00fdst\u0159elu. V\u011bt\u0161ina \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f byla brzy zat\u010dena. Aby je osvobodili, v&nbsp;\u00fanoru 1980 skupina bojovn\u00edk\u016f M-19 obsadila velvyslanectv\u00ed Dominik\u00e1nsk\u00e9 republiky, mezi rukojm\u00edmi byli i velvyslanec USA v&nbsp;Kolumbii a pape\u017esk\u00fd nuncius. V&nbsp;d\u016fsledku 61denn\u00edho vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1da propustila v\u0161echny uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00e9 partyz\u00e1ny a ti, kte\u0159\u00ed velvyslanectv\u00ed obsadili, propustili rukojm\u00ed a odlet\u011bli na Kubu.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1981 rebelov\u00e9 v&nbsp;<em>Medell\u00ednu<\/em> zajali velk\u00e9 transportn\u00ed letadlo, nalo\u017eili ho zbran\u011bmi na karibsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a n\u00e1klad p\u0159epravili sv\u00fdm spolubojovn\u00edk\u016fm v&nbsp;amazonsk\u00e9m pralese, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e letadlo p\u0159ist\u00e1lo uprost\u0159ed \u0159eky.<\/p>\n<p>Od prosince 1984 do ledna 1985 se pobl\u00ed\u017e vesnice Yarumales v&nbsp;departementu <em>Cauca<\/em> odehr\u00e1la nejdel\u0161\u00ed bitva v&nbsp;modern\u00ed kolumbijsk\u00e9 historii mezi skupinou 170 guerill a 4&nbsp;000 voj\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e1 skon\u010dila \u00fastupem arm\u00e1dy. Guerill\u00e1m velel legend\u00e1rn\u00ed <strong><em>Carlos Pizarro<\/em><\/strong>, kter\u00fd se pozd\u011bji stal nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prezidentsk\u00fdm kandid\u00e1tem a byl zabit tajn\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami v&nbsp;letadle b\u011bhem volebn\u00ed kampan\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1985 skupina M-19 dobyla Justi\u010dn\u00ed pal\u00e1c v&nbsp;srdci Bogoty spolu se soudci; guerillov\u00e9 nikoho neohro\u017eovali a po\u017e\u00e1dali \u00fa\u0159ady o dialog. Reakc\u00ed byl vojensk\u00fd \u00fatok na pal\u00e1c, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m vyho\u0159ela \u010d\u00e1st archiv\u016f a zem\u0159elo 94 civilist\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b 11 soudc\u016f. Mnoho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f \u00fatoku bylo za\u017eiva zajato arm\u00e1dou, mu\u010deno, popraveno a jejich m\u00edsto pobytu je dodnes nezn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Existuje odporn\u00e1 verze, \u017ee obsazen\u00ed Justi\u010dn\u00edho pal\u00e1ce financoval <strong><em>Pablo Escobar<\/em><\/strong> s&nbsp;c\u00edlem zni\u010dit dokumenty, ale nen\u00ed podlo\u017eena \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm seri\u00f3zn\u00edm historick\u00fdm b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b M-19 byla po celou svou historii nejd\u016fsledn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejne\u00faprosn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edtelem drogov\u00fdch kartel\u016f. Mnoho Kolumbijc\u016f si st\u00e1le pamatuje <em>\u201eakce Robina Hooda\u201c<\/em> \u2013 pravideln\u00e9 zabavov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1kladn\u00edch automobil\u016f s&nbsp;potravinami partyz\u00e1ny a bezplatnou distribuci t\u011bchto produkt\u016f chud\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<p>Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 90.&nbsp;let \u0159ady M-19 a jej\u00ed velen\u00ed dosp\u011bly k&nbsp;pochopen\u00ed marnosti pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed ozbrojen\u00e9ho konfliktu, v&nbsp;n\u011bm\u017e \u201en\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u011bti chud\u00fdch zab\u00edjej\u00ed jin\u00e9\u201c, a bylo rozhodnuto o odzbrojen\u00ed a p\u0159echodu k&nbsp;politick\u00e9mu boji. V&nbsp;t\u011bchto letech byli skute\u010dn\u00fdmi n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi hrdiny. Na jejich \u017e\u00e1dost a za jejich \u00fa\u010dasti zem\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dala \u00dastavod\u00e1rn\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ilo novou \u00fastavu pro Kolumbii, jednu z&nbsp;nejlep\u0161\u00edch na americk\u00e9m kontinentu.<\/p>\n<p>V dob\u011b, kdy jsou r\u016fzn\u00ed <em>Bidenov\u00e9<\/em> a <em>Barbokov\u00e9<\/em> v&nbsp;nesourod\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti prohla\u0161ov\u00e1ni za \u201elevi\u010d\u00e1ky\u201c, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nenechat vzpom\u00ednku na hnut\u00ed jako M-19 vymazat ze srdce Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky. Nen\u00ed to tak d\u00e1vno, co se zapsala do historie&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00fd kolumbijsk\u00fd prezident Gustavo Petro se prezentuje jako levicov\u00fd politik a b\u00fdval\u00fd \u010dlen slavn\u00e9 guerillov\u00e9 organizace \u201eHnut\u00ed 19.&nbsp;dubna\u201c (M-19).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5270,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[5,56],"class_list":["post-5269","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-kolumbie"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5269","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5269"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5269\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5272,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5269\/revisions\/5272"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5270"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5269"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5269"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5269"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}