{"id":5276,"date":"2025-06-27T00:53:17","date_gmt":"2025-06-26T22:53:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=5276"},"modified":"2025-06-30T19:01:29","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T17:01:29","slug":"nejstarsi-americke-pismo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2025\/06\/27\/nejstarsi-americke-pismo\/","title":{"rendered":"Nejstar\u0161\u00ed americk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nedaleko m\u011bsta San Lorenzo, ve vesnici Cascajal (st\u00e1t Veracruz, Mexiko) byla p\u0159i stavb\u011b silnice v roce 1999, objevena v lomu na \u0161t\u011brk kamenn\u00e1 deska s podivn\u00fdmi symboly. D\u011bln\u00edky kus kamene zaujal natolik, \u017ee jej poslali prozkoumat archeolog\u016fm.<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00edsto n\u00e1lezu bylo centrem starov\u011bk\u00e9 olm\u00e9ck\u00e9 civilizace. I kdy\u017e deska nebyla vyzvednuta podle spolehliv\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch postup\u016f, nach\u00e1zela se vedle dal\u0161\u00edch keramick\u00fdch st\u0159ep\u016f a hlin\u011bn\u00fdch figurek. Podle okoln\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f byla deska datov\u00e1na do f\u00e1ze olm\u00e9ck\u00e9 archeologick\u00e9 kultury San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, kter\u00e1 skon\u010dila v kolem 900 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n

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Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9 byli prvn\u00ed komplexn\u00ed spole\u010dnost ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe, v centru Mexika a\u017e po ji\u017en\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Mexick\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu od 1200 p\u0159.n.l. a\u017e 400 p\u0159.n.l. A\u010dkoli p\u0159esn\u00e9 datum jejich p\u0159\u00edchodu nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li s masovou migrac\u00ed po roce 13.000 p\u0159.n.l. p\u0159es most, kter\u00fd propojoval Sibi\u0159 s Alja\u0161kou. Vytvo\u0159ili z\u0159ejm\u011b prvn\u00ed civilizaci v Severn\u00ed Americe, a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee ovlivnili n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi praktikami pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed americk\u00e9 kultury, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Maye a Azt\u00e9ky.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Olm\u00e9ck\u00e1 kultura je zn\u00e1ma zejm\u00e9na d\u00edky velk\u00fdm kamenn\u00fdm plastik\u00e1m lidsk\u00fdch hlav s negroidn\u00edmi rysy. To vyvolalo hypot\u00e9zy, \u017ee Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li z Afriky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto soch v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 16 tun a byly nalezeny v centr\u00e1ln\u00edm Mexiku ve st\u00e1tech Oaxaca, Morelos a Guerrero.
\nVzhledem k tomu, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 dokumenty, nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo mnoho informac\u00ed o olm\u00e9ck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, ani pro\u010d zmizeli.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed roku 2006 byla zve\u0159ejn\u011bna studie o n\u00e1lezu v \u010dasopise Science.<\/p>\n

Deska je hladk\u00e1, z polotvrd\u00e9ho metamorfn\u00edho kamene. V\u00e1\u017e\u00ed asi 11,5 kg a je relativn\u011b mal\u00e1, o rozm\u011brech 36 x 21 x 13 cm. Je neopracovan\u00e1 s v\u00fdjimkou jedn\u00e9 plochy, kter\u00e1 je hladk\u00e1 a na n\u00ed je vyryto 62 symbol\u016f hieroglyfick\u00e9ho skriptu. Symboly jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny v \u0159ad\u00e1ch, n\u011bkter\u00e9 se opakuj\u00ed, podobn\u011b jako u jin\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Tabulka vykazuje dal\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mky psan\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b syntaxe, slovosledu a opakov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto znaky vych\u00e1z\u00ed z vyobrazen\u00ed hmyzu, rostlin, zv\u00ed\u0159at, ananasu, ucha, kuku\u0159ice a r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f. Mnoho symbol\u016f se jev\u00ed jako abstraktn\u00ed kresby \u2013 geometrick\u00e9 tvary. Ukazuje se, \u017ee deska byla z\u0159ejm\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u011b jednou u\u017e pops\u00e1na, vyhlazena a znovu pops\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Objev tak posunul st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho textu v Americe. Do t\u00e9 doby to byl text Zapot\u00e9ck\u00e9 kultury, objeven\u00fd v Monte Alb\u00e1n v Mexiku, datovan\u00fd do obdob\u00ed kolem roku 500 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. (1)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u011bdc\u016f souhlas\u00ed s t\u00edm, \u017ee obr\u00e1zky na desce jsou d\u016fkazem syst\u00e9mu psan\u00ed, existuj\u00ed hlasy, \u017ee tomu tak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt. Kritika se op\u00edr\u00e1 o skute\u010dnost, \u017ee deska byla nalezena v hromad\u011b trosek, vyhrnut\u00fdch buldozerem (nikoli tedy archeology), a byla datov\u00e1na k roku 900 p\u0159.n.l. podle odhadu, zalo\u017een\u00e9m na mno\u017estv\u00ed st\u0159ep\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch artefakt\u016f v okol\u00ed desky. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci proto nev\u011b\u0159\u00ed kontextu, jak byl n\u00e1lez proveden.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, geologov\u00e9 na\u0161li stopy zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v m\u00edstech rytin, co\u017e dokazuje starov\u011bk\u00fd p\u016fvod. Laboratorn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy byly provedeny geology Ricardo Sanchez a Jacinto Robles v roce 2006. (2)<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed neobvyklost\u00ed je fakt, \u017ee symboly z\u0159ejm\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00ed ve vodorovn\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch, zat\u00edmco v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed mezoamerick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my psan\u00ed jsou bu\u010f vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo line\u00e1rn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Obrazy se tak\u00e9 nedaj\u00ed srovnat s jin\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm psan\u00ed t\u00e9to oblasti nebo obdob\u00ed. Nebyly tedy nalezeny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady tohoto stylu psan\u00ed. Nav\u00edc nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, pro\u010d nen\u00ed mezi t\u00edmto ran\u00fdm pokusem psan\u00ed a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi styly psan\u00ed ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 spojitost?<\/p>\n

Znamenalo by to, \u017ee Cascajalsk\u00e1 deska byla izolovan\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem psan\u00ed nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 jen jazykem, kter\u00fd zmizel o kolem roku 500 p\u0159.n.l.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u00edsma archeolog\u016fm zt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed fakt, \u017ee dodnes nev\u00edme, jak\u00fdm jazykem Olm\u00e9kov\u00e9 mluvili. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee z olm\u00e9ck\u00e9ho jazyka vy\u0161ly dne\u0161n\u00ed jazyky Mixe a Zoque, kter\u00fdmi dnes mluv\u00ed kolem 150.000 lid\u00ed. Samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zev t\u00e9to kultury poch\u00e1z\u00ed z jazyka Azt\u00e9k\u016f a znamen\u00e1 “lid\u00e9 skl\u00edzej\u00edc\u00ed gumu”.<\/p>\n

Izolovan\u00e9 symboly byly odkryty na n\u011bkolika olm\u00e9ck\u00fdch artefaktech, ale Cascajalsk\u00e1 deska, pokud je autentick\u00e1, je prvn\u00edm d\u016fkazem skute\u010dn\u00e9ho psan\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zapotec_civilization<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cascajal_Block<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nedaleko m\u011bsta San Lorenzo, ve vesnici Cascajal (st\u00e1t Veracruz, Mexiko) byla p\u0159i stavb\u011b silnice v roce 1999, objevena v lomu na \u0161t\u011brk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5037,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[34,7,223],"class_list":["post-5276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archeologie","tag-archeologie","tag-historie","tag-pismo"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5276"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5283,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5276\/revisions\/5283"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5037"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}