{"id":5329,"date":"2023-12-14T00:25:22","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T23:25:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=5329"},"modified":"2025-11-14T01:50:46","modified_gmt":"2025-11-14T00:50:46","slug":"teotihuacan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2023\/12\/14\/teotihuacan\/","title":{"rendered":"Teotihuac\u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Teotihuac\u00e1n: rodi\u0161t\u011b boh\u016f a jeho nepochopiteln\u00e1 historie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Teotihuacan je starobyl\u00e9 m\u00edsto, jeho\u017e okolnosti zni\u010den\u00ed nejsou zcela jasn\u00e9. N\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd jej vytvo\u0159il, je dnes zcela nezn\u00e1m\u00fd, a nebylo nalezeno uspokojiv\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed toho, co st\u00e1lo za n\u00e1hl\u00fdm \u00fapadkem m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed d\u016fvod vylu\u010dovat ciz\u00ed invazi. M\u011bsto bylo zni\u010deno sp\u00e1len\u00edm a \u00famysln\u00fdm zni\u010den\u00edm, a bylo vyplen\u011bno. Stalo se to v polovin\u011b 6. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tajemn\u00fd p\u016fvod<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tajemn\u00fd, obrovsk\u00fd Teotihuac\u00e1n – jedno z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch archeologick\u00fdch nalezi\u0161\u0165 v Americe – z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 historick\u00fdm tajemstv\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se v \u00fadol\u00ed Mexico City, 40 km severn\u011b od hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta, na centr\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b. Teotihuacan byl poprv\u00e9 os\u00eddlen kolem roku 150 p\u0159.n.l. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee na vrcholu sv\u00e9ho rozvoje byl s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. \u017dilo v n\u011bm od 150 000 do 200 000 obyvatel.<\/p>\n

Mnoho archeolog\u016f nesouhlas\u00ed s t\u00edmto datov\u00e1n\u00edm. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee m\u011bsto vzkv\u00e9talo od 1500 do 1000 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Jin\u00ed navrhuj\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed – od 100 p\u0159.n.l. do 700 n.l., ale existuj\u00ed i v\u011bdci, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee Teotihuacan je je\u0161t\u011b mnohem star\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mal\u00e1, masivn\u00ed kamenn\u00e1 socha, stovky malovan\u00fdch n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdch maleb, zobrazuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edky, to v\u0161e se shoduje s obdob\u00edm \u00fapadku a pot\u00e9 zni\u010den\u00edm m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1lo zde mnoho pyramid, a bylo zde mnoho velk\u00fdch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prostranstv\u00ed. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b bylo m\u011bsto roz\u010dlen\u011bno do pravideln\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky. Nikdy p\u0159edt\u00edm v Nov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b takov\u00e1 struktura m\u011bsta neexistovala.<\/p>\n

Archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy neposkytuj\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00e1hadn\u00fdch lid\u00ed z Teotihuacanu, kte\u0159\u00ed jej postavili a zde vl\u00e1dli. Nebyly nalezeny ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 psan\u00e9 dokumenty, kter\u00e9 by osv\u011btlily jeho minulost.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed ani zn\u00e1mo, jak\u00fd byl p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1zev m\u011bsta. Jm\u00e9no Teotihuacan – \u201em\u00edsto boh\u016f\u201c nebo \u201em\u00edsto, kde se bohov\u00e9 narodili\u201c, mu dali Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9, mluv\u00edc\u00ed jazykem Nahuatl, a to a\u017e n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed po z\u00e1niku m\u011bsta kolem roku 550 n.l.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

P\u016fvod jm\u00e9na<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toto jm\u00e9no m\u016f\u017ee souviset s m\u00fdty o stvo\u0159en\u00ed Nahua, spojen\u00fdmi s Teotihuac\u00e1nem. Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee bohov\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ili v Teotihuacanu vesm\u00edr se Sluncem a M\u011bs\u00edcem, a \u017ee motivy a symboly m\u011bsta si Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 osvojili jako sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z mezoamerick\u00fdch bo\u017estev byl Quetzalcoatl, Ope\u0159en\u00fd had, a v azt\u00e9ck\u00e9m panteonu byl Quetzalcoatl hlavn\u00edm bohem oblohy, spojen\u00fdm s v\u011btrem a vzduchem, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bohem stvo\u0159en\u00ed a moudrosti.<\/p>\n

St\u0159edoamerick\u00e9 m\u00fdty \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee sv\u011bt pro\u0161el \u010dty\u0159mi cykly neboli \u201eSlunci\u201c. Lid\u00e9 \u017eili v P\u00e1t\u00e9m Slunci, kter\u00e9 u\u017e bylo star\u00e9, tak\u017ee konec sv\u011bta mohlo ka\u017edou chv\u00edli ohl\u00e1sit velk\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ve snaze odd\u00e1lit katastrofu byly ob\u011btov\u00e1ny tis\u00edce lid\u00ed. V pyramid\u011b Slunce byly v rohu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho stupn\u011b nalezeny kostry d\u011bt\u00ed, a pod chr\u00e1mem Quetzalcoatl objevili archeologov\u00e9 t\u0159i j\u00e1my tak\u00e9 s kostrami.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Z Teotihuacanu poch\u00e1z\u00ed tak\u00e9 nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyobrazen\u00ed Ope\u0159en\u00e9ho hada, a to z doby \u010dty\u0159i sta let p\u0159ed vyobrazen\u00edm v Palenque, a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1000 let p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e bylo vid\u011bt v Tule nebo v Chichen Itza.<\/p>\n

Teotihuacan byl z\u0159ejm\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm poutn\u00edm m\u00edstem. Byly zde objeveny stovky chr\u00e1m\u016f a olt\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Slavnostn\u00ed komplex, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1zel v centru m\u011bsta, sest\u00e1val z v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 svatyn\u00ed a ob\u0159\u00edch pyramid, seskupen\u00fdch kolem centr\u00e1ln\u00ed severoji\u017en\u00ed silnice, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Alej mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Teotihuacan zmapoval Ren\u00e9 Millon, emeritn\u00ed profesor antropologie v Rochesteru, jako sou\u010d\u00e1st mnohalet\u00e9ho projektu. Pod jeho veden\u00edm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f sestavil prvn\u00ed \u00faplnou mapu Teotihuacanu, tak, jak vypadal na p\u0159elomu letopo\u010dtu, p\u0159ed 2000 lety.<\/p>\n

Pyramidy m\u011bsta jsou obrovsk\u00e9. Pyramida Slunce je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed budovou v Teotihuacanu. Jeho z\u00e1kladna je 235 metr\u016f dlouh\u00e1, dosahuje v\u00fd\u0161ky 65 metr\u016f. Kdysi d\u00e1vno byl na vrcholu pyramidy chr\u00e1m, ale byl odstran\u011bn. Mocn\u00e9 m\u011bsto p\u0159\u00edmo ovl\u00e1dalo v\u011bt\u0161inu centr\u00e1ln\u00edho Mexika, a m\u011blo vliv na je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, ale nedostatek p\u00edsemn\u00fdch dokument\u016f \u010din\u00ed hierarchickou strukturu Teotihuacanu nezn\u00e1mou.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1dci pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u017eili v pal\u00e1c\u00edch uvnit\u0159 Citadely (Ciudadela). Citadela byla velk\u00fdm komplexem, kter\u00fd tvo\u0159il n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, politick\u00e9, spr\u00e1vn\u00ed a vojensk\u00e9 centrum m\u011bsta. Ve zbytku m\u011bsta objevili archeologov\u00e9 stovky d\u00edlen, z nich\u017e mnoh\u00e9 vyr\u00e1b\u011bly keramiku a p\u0159edm\u011bty z obsidi\u00e1nu. Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017eil ve m\u011bst\u011b pohodln\u011b; bylo nalezeno mnoho slum\u016f a stovky malovan\u00fdch n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdch maleb, ale jen velmi m\u00e1lo \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch prac\u00ed do kamene.<\/p>\n

Asi v roce 750 n.l. byl Teotihuacan zni\u010den, sp\u00e1len a vyplen\u011bn. Nikdy nebyl obnoven; n\u011bkter\u00e9 z ruin v\u0161ak st\u00e1le ob\u00fdvali neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed osadn\u00edci.<\/p>\n

Azt\u00e9kov\u00e9 postupn\u011b zvy\u0161ovali svou moc v regionu, a tajemn\u00e9 m\u011bsto Teotihuacan z\u016fstalo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm poutn\u00edm m\u00edstem a\u017e do jejich p\u00e1du v roce 1521.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Teotihuac\u00e1n: rodi\u0161t\u011b boh\u016f a jeho nepochopiteln\u00e1 historie<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5324,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[34,7,49],"class_list":["post-5329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-archeologie","tag-historie","tag-mexiko"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5329"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5339,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5329\/revisions\/5339"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}