{"id":857,"date":"2020-05-30T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-29T22:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=857"},"modified":"2020-05-26T23:50:12","modified_gmt":"2020-05-26T21:50:12","slug":"byl-napsan-voynichuv-rukopis-v-jizni-americe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2020\/05\/30\/byl-napsan-voynichuv-rukopis-v-jizni-americe\/","title":{"rendered":"Byl naps\u00e1n Voynich\u016fv rukopis v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Je nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed knihou v\u0161ech dob, jej\u00ed\u017e tajemstv\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed stalet\u00ed podobn\u011b jako \u010das, a st\u00e1le nen\u00ed zcela vy\u0159e\u0161eno. Ji\u017e cel\u00e1 \u0159ada odborn\u00edk\u016f, kryptograf\u016f (n\u011bkolik z nich tak\u00e9 z NASA), specialist\u00e9 na prolamov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3d\u016f, zb\u011bhl\u00fdch v singul\u00e1rn\u00edch jazyc\u00edch, technici, lingvist\u00e9 a fanou\u0161ci v\u0161ech bran\u017e\u00ed, str\u00e1vili cel\u00e9 stolet\u00ed snahou o interpretaci obsahu tajemn\u00e9 knihy – Voynichova rukopisu. Jedn\u00e1 se knihu form\u00e1tu 15 x 23 cm, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 240 stran, a je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee se ztratilo minim\u00e1ln\u011b 28 stran, s barevn\u00fdmi n\u00e1kresy a pozn\u00e1mkami v nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m jazyce.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u201eVoynich\u016fv rukopis\u201c je pojmenovan\u00fd podle americk\u00e9ho sb\u011bratele knih Wilfrida M. Voynicha<\/strong>. Spis objevil v roce 1912 v italsk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Frascati, a pak ho p\u0159evezl do USA a poskytl odborn\u00edk\u016fm na \u0161ifry.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je to kniha zbaven\u00e1 desek, jej\u00ed\u017e str\u00e1nky jsou pokryt\u00e9 nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm p\u00edsmem a s mno\u017estv\u00edm obr\u00e1zk\u016f. Rukopis je bezpe\u010dn\u011b ulo\u017een v knihovn\u011b univerzity v Yale. [1] <\/span>
\nV \u010cR vy\u0161el podrobn\u00fd rozbor v\u0161ech \u00fadaj\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b faksimile cel\u00e9ho rukopisu, v roce 2012. [2] U knihy dosud nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m ani autor, ani doba vzniku, ani p\u00edsmo, ani jazyk, ve kter\u00e9m byl naps\u00e1n. Dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta se tvrdilo, \u017ee jde o podvrh. Pokusy o de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed selhaly. Hypot\u00e9z o jeho p\u016fvodu a smyslu je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada. A aby to bylo je\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, zjistilo se, \u017ee kniha m\u00e1 vztah k \u010cech\u00e1m, p\u0159\u00edmo ke dvoru c\u00edsa\u0159e Rudolfa II. Nechci tady ale opakovat \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 si lze naj\u00edt jinde a v pom\u011brn\u011b podrobn\u00e9m p\u0159ehledu. Pod\u00edvejme se sp\u00ed\u0161 na to, jak\u00e9 m\u00e1 kniha souvislosti s Latinskou Amerikou, o kter\u00fdch se u n\u00e1s p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nev\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmavosti, jsem rozd\u011blil do n\u011bkolika kategori\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n

Text<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nPodle v\u00fdzkum\u016f, obsa\u017een\u00fdch ve studii z roku 2013 [3] je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee by text knihy mohl b\u00fdt naps\u00e1n jazykem nahuatl, z\u0159ejm\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdm dialektem z oblasti st\u00e1tu Morelos, co\u017e je jeden z federativn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f Mexika. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed o mrtv\u00fd jazyk a text, tak\u017ee zat\u00edm vylu\u010duje de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee p\u00edsa\u0159 a um\u011blec (tlacuiloque) Voynichova rukopisu byl synem jak\u00e9hosi azt\u00e9ck\u00e9ho \u0161lechtice, vyu\u010den\u00e9ho franti\u0161k\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi mnichy v kolegiu Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco a rukopis by tak mohl b\u00fdt datov\u00e1n na z\u00e1klad\u011b intern\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f asi na rok 1565. Kompletn\u00ed p\u0159eklad by teprve prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee tento azt\u00e9ck\u00fd rukopis je jedn\u00edm z nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch historick\u00fdch text\u016f 16. stolet\u00ed, kdy jeho texty pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nebyly filtrov\u00e1ny p\u0159es \u0161pan\u011blskou editaci. [4]<\/span><\/p>\n

Text je tak\u00e9 zalo\u017een na kombinaci nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 abecedy nebo na vyu\u017eit\u00ed slabi\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u00edsma [5] v nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m jazyce. Tato \u201cabeceda\u201d byla identifikov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee 153 rostlin v sekci o farmacii je doprov\u00e1zeno jm\u00e9ny v symbolick\u00e9m jazyce, kter\u00fd je mezi odborn\u00edky naz\u00fdv\u00e1n \u201cVoynichese\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rostliny<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nV\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 studie upozor\u0148uje tak\u00e9 na to, \u017ee styl ilustrac\u00ed rostlin se velmi podob\u00e1 mexick\u00e9mu kodexu ze 16. stolet\u00ed (E. G. Codex Cruz-Badianus),[6] kter\u00fd popisuje l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 rostliny star\u00fdch Azt\u00e9k\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z kaligrafi\u00ed Voynichova rukopisu jsou podobn\u00e9 tzv. kodexu Codex Osuny (1563-1566, Mexico City). [7]<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ameri\u010dt\u00ed botanikov\u00e9 byli schopni z celkem 309 ilustrovan\u00fdch rostlin, kter\u00e9 rukopis obsahuje, identifikovat cel\u00fdch 51 z nich (tj. 17% z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu), jako dom\u00e1c\u00ed kv\u011btiny rostouc\u00ed od Texasu a\u017e po Kalifornii, a na jih a\u017e po Nikaragui. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee se vyskytovaly v azt\u00e9ck\u00fdch botanick\u00fdch zahrad\u00e1ch v centr\u00e1ln\u00edm Mexiku, dost mo\u017en\u00e1 v Huaztepec (Morelos) nebo v pal\u00e1cov\u00fdch zahrad\u00e1ch Netzahualcoyotl (Tezcoco, Mexico).<\/span>
\nJen je obrovsk\u00e1 \u0161koda, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 herb\u00e1\u0159e Mexic\u016f sp\u00e1lili pr\u00e1v\u011b prvn\u00ed Evropan\u00e9. Kdyby je tehdy nesp\u00e1lili, bylo by jist\u011b v\u00edce mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak obr\u00e1zky porovn\u00e1vat. Jednou z vyobrazen\u00fdch rostlin je t\u0159eba Ag\u00e1ve, ze kter\u00e9 se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed alkoholick\u00fd n\u00e1poj Pulque, [8] ale tak\u00e9 mnohem zn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a komer\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Tequila nebo Mezcal.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed stopy<\/strong> <\/span>
\nTo v\u0161ak nejsou v\u0161echna vod\u00edtka, ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed na Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriku. Z 18 zv\u00ed\u0159at, vyobrazen\u00fdch v rukopisu, je 16 p\u016fvodn\u00edch z Ameriky a dv\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, dovezen\u00e1 \u0160pan\u011bly. T\u0159eba obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 70 zobrazuje alig\u00e1tora mississipsk\u00e9ho. [9]<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zek na str\u00e1nce. \u010d. 70 by mohl zobrazovat alig\u00e1tora mississipsk\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nav\u00edc, podrobn\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza rukopisu uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v pou\u017eit\u00e9m inkoustu se nach\u00e1z\u00ed miner\u00e1l atacamit, kter\u00fd se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 v chilsk\u00e9 pou\u0161ti Atacama. [10]<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e1le, na str\u00e1nce 102r [11] je vyobrazen modr\u00fd krystal – miner\u00e1l, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako boleite. [12] Jedin\u00fdm zdrojem tak velk\u00fdch krystal\u016f t\u00e9to kvality i kvantity jsou t\u0159i doly v Baja California v Mexiku, hlavn\u011b d\u016fl Santa Rosal (El Boleo).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zek na str\u00e1nce \u010d. 102r zobrazuje modr\u00fd krystal, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako boleite.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Z uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee z nalezen\u00fdch a identifikovan\u00fdch rostlin, d\u00e1le jednoho zv\u00ed\u0159ete a jednoho miner\u00e1lu, bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 rozlu\u0161tit jejich jm\u00e9na. Jejich n\u00e1zvy se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ejat\u00e1 z klasick\u00e9ho jazyka Azt\u00e9k\u016f – Nahuatl,[13] \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny, jazyka Mixtec,[14] a Taino.[15]<\/span><\/p>\n

To v\u0161echno jsou p\u00e1dn\u00e9 argumenty pro p\u016fvod kodexu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nStopy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee rukopis, ke kter\u00e9mu maj\u00ed \u010de\u0161t\u00ed patrioti zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vztah, vznikl skute\u010dn\u011b v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe. \u0160lo mo\u017en\u00e1 o z\u00e1pisky vzd\u011blan\u00e9ho Azt\u00e9ka, mo\u017en\u00e1 ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Evropana, kter\u00fd sem p\u0159ijel pozn\u00e1vat a kolonizovat Nov\u00fd sv\u011bt. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee m\u011bl n\u011bjak\u00fd vztah k \u010cech\u00e1m a tak se v\u00fdtvor dostal do Evropy, kde se stal majetkem osobn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159e c\u00edsa\u0159e Rudolfa II. – Jakuba Hor\u010dick\u00e9ho<\/strong> z Tepence, kter\u00fd je v knize p\u0159\u00edmo uveden. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdtvor z Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta znamenal prav\u00fd poklad a n\u011bco, jako pro n\u00e1s t\u0159eba k\u00e1men z M\u011bs\u00edce. T\u0159eba ka\u017ed\u00fd majitel doufal, \u017ee text rozlu\u0161t\u00ed, ale kl\u00ed\u010d u\u017e d\u00e1vno zmizel n\u011bkde na mexick\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00edch \u010di v amazonsk\u00fdch d\u017eungl\u00edch\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Yale University Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Online: http:\/\/beinecke.library.yale.edu\/ <\/a><\/span>
\n[2] Lenkov\u00e1, J.: Voynich\u016fv rukopis. Nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kniha sv\u011bta. CAD Press, Bratislava, 2012. ISBN:\u00a09788088969600<\/span>
\n[3] Arthur O. Tucker – Rexford H. Talbert: A Preliminary Analysis of the Botany, Zoology, and Mineralogy of the Voynich Manuscript. HerbalGram. 2013; American Botanical Council. Online: http:\/\/cms.herbalgram.org\/herbalgram\/issue100\/hg100-feat-voynich.html <\/a><\/span>
\n[4] Jules Janick, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States<\/span>
\nArthur O. Tucker, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States. The Voynich Manuscript as a MesoAmerican Herbal. 5.8.2015. Online: https:\/\/ashs.confex.com\/ashs\/2015\/webprogramarchives\/Paper21639.html <\/a><\/span>
\n[5] Slabi\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slabi\u010dn\u00e9_p\u00edsmo <\/a><\/span>
\n[6] Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis <\/a><\/span>
\n[7] Aztec codices. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aztec_codices <\/a><\/span>
\n[8] Pulque. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pulque <\/a><\/span>
\n[9] Voynich Manuscript, str.70r. voynich.com. Online: http:\/\/www.voynich.com\/folios\/color\/070r.jpg <\/a><\/span>
\n[10] Barabe, Joseph G. (McCrone Associates) (1. 4. 2009). “Materials analysis of the Voynich Manuscript” (PDF). Beinecke Library. Online: http:\/\/beinecke.library.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/voynich_analysis.pdf <\/a><\/span>
\n[11] Voynich Manuscript, str.102r. voynich.com. Online: http:\/\/www.voynich.com\/folios\/color\/102r.jpg <\/a><\/span>
\n[12] Boleite. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boleite <\/a><\/span>
\n[13] Nahuatl. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nahuatl <\/a><\/span>
\n[14] Mixtec language. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mixtec_language <\/a><\/span>
\n[15] Ta\u00ednov\u00e9. Wikipedia. Online: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ta\u00ednov\u00e9 <\/a><\/span>
\n[16] Napsal Voynich\u016fv rukopis Indi\u00e1n? ZaZ, 22.2.2014. Online: http:\/\/zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/historie\/444-napsal-voynichuv-rukopis-indian<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Je nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed knihou v\u0161ech dob, jej\u00ed\u017e tajemstv\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed stalet\u00ed podobn\u011b jako \u010das, a st\u00e1le nen\u00ed zcela vy\u0159e\u0161eno. Ji\u017e cel\u00e1 \u0159ada odborn\u00edk\u016f, kryptograf\u016f (n\u011bkolik z nich tak\u00e9 z NASA), specialist\u00e9 na prolamov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3d\u016f, zb\u011bhl\u00fdch v singul\u00e1rn\u00edch jazyc\u00edch, technici, lingvist\u00e9 a fanou\u0161ci v\u0161ech bran\u017e\u00ed, str\u00e1vili cel\u00e9 stolet\u00ed snahou o interpretaci obsahu tajemn\u00e9 knihy – Voynichova rukopisu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":867,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[62,5,49,66,43],"class_list":["post-857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zahady","tag-aztekove","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-mexiko","tag-voynichuv-rukopis","tag-zahady"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=857"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3329,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857\/revisions\/3329"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/867"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=857"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}