{"id":955,"date":"2021-12-25T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-24T23:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/?p=955"},"modified":"2021-12-20T13:22:09","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T12:22:09","slug":"amautove-tajemna-a-zapomenuta-historie-peru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/2021\/12\/25\/amautove-tajemna-a-zapomenuta-historie-peru\/","title":{"rendered":"Amautov\u00e9: tajemn\u00e1 a zapomenut\u00e1 historie Peru ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

O \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 conquist\u011b ji\u017e bylo naps\u00e1no hodn\u011b. Je tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e zmapov\u00e1na,<\/strong> d\u00edky tehdy p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdm kronik\u00e1\u0159\u016fm. To, s jakou kvalitou sb\u00edrali informace a<\/strong> komu slou\u017eili, to bylo a je dodnes p\u0159edm\u011btem \u00favah historik\u016f i laik\u016f.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>Jedn\u00edm z t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili zmapovat historii a \u017eivot v tehdej\u0161\u00edm inck\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b Tahuantinsuyu, byl tak\u00e9 sekret\u00e1\u0159 m\u00edstokr\u00e1le <\/strong><\/span>Luise Cabrery<\/strong><\/b> [1] v Peru, <\/strong><\/span>Fernando de Montesinos <\/strong><\/b>[2]. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o jednoho z t\u011bch kontroverzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kronik\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Historici se dodnes p\u0159ou o hodnov\u011brnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch jeho tvrzen\u00ed. Ale k tomu se dostaneme. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Prastar\u00e9 znaky nalezen\u00e9 v Peru. Ilustrativn\u00ed foto.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Narodil se ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 Seville a do Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky dorazil jako doprovod v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho m\u00edstokr\u00e1le v roce 1628 (tedy bez n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo let, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po 100 letech po poprav\u011b inck\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Atahualpy). [3] <\/span>Montesino procestoval velkou \u010d\u00e1st Peru, hodn\u011b se zaj\u00edmal o doly a nav\u0161t\u00edvil tak\u00e9 slavn\u00e9 Potos\u00ed. M\u011bl velk\u00e9 znalosti v oboru metalurgie a fyziky, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to byl v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fd sb\u011bratel star\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed a tradic. B\u011bhem \u017eivota vykon\u00e1val \u010dinnost c\u00edrkevn\u00edho soudce v Cajamarce, kde se velmi zaj\u00edmal o ud\u00e1losti kolem zajet\u00ed Atahualpy a jeho v\u011bzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dnes u\u017e legend\u00e1rn\u011b cht\u011bl Atahualpa kompletn\u011b naplnit zlatem. Na st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se vr\u00e1til do \u0160pan\u011blska, kde p\u016fsobil v c\u00edrkevn\u00edch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch. Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee jeho rukopisy byly publikov\u00e1ny teprve a\u017e 300 let po jeho smrti! <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napsal d\u011bjiny Ink\u016f, d\u00edlo, kter\u00e9 se v origin\u00e1le jmenuje <\/span>Memorias antiguas, historiales y pol\u00edticas del Per\u00fa 1498-1642. <\/span><\/i>[4]<\/span> Poprv\u00e9 toto d\u00edlo bylo \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zve\u0159ejn\u011bno v roce 1882 amerikanistou <\/span>Marcosem Jimen\u00e9zem<\/b>, ale pln\u00e9ho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed se do\u010dkalo teprve a\u017e v roce 1930 v Lim\u011b. Ale u\u017e prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed rozpoutalo zna\u010dnou polemiku na odborn\u00e9 \u00farovni, jeliko\u017e d\u00edlo obsahovalo n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdroky, se kter\u00fdmi si historikov\u00e9 nev\u011bd\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rady dodnes. Prvn\u00ed v\u011bc, se kterou Montesino narazil, je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Peru dle jeho slov os\u00eddlil <\/span>Ofir, <\/span><\/i>nebo-li pravnuk biblick\u00e9ho praotce Noea, [5]  spole\u010dn\u011b se sv\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledovn\u00edky. Ale mo\u017en\u00e1 i tohle by se dalo pochopit, nebo\u0165 Montesino byl ortodoxn\u00ed klerik, zan\u00edcen\u00fd pro svou v\u00edru, a tak se sna\u017eil spojit re\u00e1ln\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed s jeho vlastn\u00edmi teoriemi. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b legend\u00e1rn\u00ed zem\u011b Of\u00edr se hledala v Africe i Asii. [6]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I kdy\u017e Peru podle historik\u016f Of\u00edr neos\u00eddlil, dnes ji\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee civilizace typu Caral [7] sah\u00e1  a\u017e p\u011bt tis\u00edc let do minulosti. Toho se dr\u017eel i kronik\u00e1\u0159 a tvrdil, \u017ee indi\u00e1nsk\u00e1 kultura je star\u00e1 tis\u00edce let. Montesino na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch rozhovor\u016f s Inky uvedl pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161okuj\u00edc\u00ed tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee v Peru existovalo celkem 93 p\u0159edinck\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f, tzv. <\/span>Amaut\u016f<\/span><\/i>. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jeho kritici ho pozd\u011bji ozna\u010dili za lh\u00e1\u0159e s bujnou fantazi\u00ed, av\u0161ak po d\u016fkladn\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee Montesino vlastn\u011b zopakoval informace z jin\u00fdch kronik, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e byly naps\u00e1ny, a \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od sv\u00fdch z\u0159ejm\u00fdch historick\u00fdch chyb, mnoho z jeho dal\u0161\u00edch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed bylo pozd\u011bji potvrzeno. Montesinovi je vy\u010d\u00edt\u00e1na cel\u00e1 \u0159ada v\u011bc\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad – jak mohl v letech 1630 -1640 shrom\u00e1\u017edit informace, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed historii 2 a\u017e 3 tis\u00edce let do minulosti? On p\u0159ece nemluvil s p\u016fvodn\u00edmi obyvateli, ale s Inky, kte\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e byli \u201cposti\u017eeni\u201d jezuity a dal\u0161\u00edmi \u0159\u00e1dy, tak\u017ee jejich vlastn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed bylo ovlivn\u011bno a kontaminov\u00e1no.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tito Amauti vl\u00e1dli pr\u00fd Peru d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed Inky a cel\u00e1 \u0159ada vymo\u017eenost\u00ed, p\u0159ipisovan\u00fdch Ink\u016fm, poch\u00e1zela pr\u00e1v\u011b od nich. Dokonce hovo\u0159\u00ed i o n\u011b\u010dem, co by mohlo b\u00fdt p\u00edsmem. Montesino ve sv\u00e9 knize, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1z\u00ed z vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed star\u00fdch Ink\u016f, uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee za vl\u00e1dy jednoho z Amaut\u016f, d\u00e1vno a d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed Inky, tzv. kr\u00e1le jm\u00e9nem Toca Corca Apo C\u00e1pac, \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce Peru a velk\u00e9ho znalce astrologie, existovala v Cuzcu univerzita a v n\u00ed \u201c<\/span>v \u010dasech, podle toho, co \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed Indi\u00e1ni, byly slova a znaky na pergamenech a k\u016f\u0159e strom\u016f, a\u017e se v\u0161echno ztratilo b\u011bhem \u010dty\u0159 set let.<\/span><\/i>\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O n\u011bco d\u00e1le ve sv\u00e9 kronice uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee za vl\u00e1dy kr\u00e1le jm\u00e9nem Titu Yupanqui Pachacuti, \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00e9ho prvn\u00edho kr\u00e1le Peru, vtrhli do zem\u011b \u201c<\/span>barba\u0159i, tlupy divoch\u016f, p\u0159es Andy a z dne\u0161n\u00ed Braz\u00edlie a rozpoutali doslova peklo na zemi, v\u00e1lky, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch se p\u00edsmo vytratilo.<\/span><\/i>\u201d Titu Yupanqu\u00ed se s nimi utkal u pr\u016fsmyku, kter\u00fd je dnes zn\u00e1m\u00fd pod jm\u00e9nem La Raya. I kdy\u017e La Raya byla pevnost, kr\u00e1l nesetrval na m\u00edst\u011b, ale vyrazil vst\u0159\u00edc barbar\u016fm. To byla jeho osudov\u00e1 chyba. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozpoutala se stra\u0161liv\u00e1 bitva, a i kdy\u017e z po\u010d\u00e1tku jeho voj\u00e1ci bojovali velmi state\u010dn\u011b a on se mezi nimi na nos\u00edtk\u00e1ch neust\u00e1le p\u0159emis\u0165oval, aby je podpo\u0159il, byl velmi snadn\u00fdm ter\u010dem pro lukost\u0159elce, a tak byl zasa\u017een \u0161\u00edpem, kter\u00fd ho smrteln\u011b zranil. Jeho smrt vyvolala mezi jeho voj\u00e1ky zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed a dali se na \u00fastup zp\u00e1tky do pevnosti, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e odn\u00e1\u0161eli i t\u011blo sv\u00e9ho padl\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le. Potom ho dopravili do pevnosti, zvan\u00e9 <\/span>Tampu-tocco<\/span><\/i>, \u010dili p\u0159echodn\u00e9 bydli\u0161t\u011b, nebo bydli\u0161t\u011b s okny (Podle t\u011bchto oken se nap\u0159\u00edklad Hiram Bingham<\/strong> domn\u00edval, \u017ee Tampu-tocco je Machu Picchu). [8] V \u0159\u00ed\u0161i zavl\u00e1dl chaos, jednotliv\u00e9 provincie vedly spory o budouc\u00edho kr\u00e1le a dokonce i samotn\u00e9 Tampo-tocco m\u011blo velk\u00e9 probl\u00e9my.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Hiram Bingham.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Tak byla vl\u00e1da nad celou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed ztracena. Cuzco bylo opu\u0161t\u011bno, a tajemstv\u00ed p\u00edsma, kter\u00e9 m\u011bli Amauti, bylo zapomenuto. Montesino uv\u00e1d\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch z\u00e1pisc\u00edch data a jm\u00e9na kr\u00e1l\u016f tak, \u017ee vypl\u0148uj\u00ed cel\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i stalet\u00ed! Jejich p\u0159ehled je uveden\u00fd pod odkazem n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o ztr\u00e1t\u011b v\u011bdomost\u00ed a technologi\u00ed nen\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b to, co bychom mohli kronik\u00e1\u0159i vy\u010d\u00edtat. V\u017edy\u0165 je nepop\u00edratelnou pravdou, \u017ee Indi\u00e1ni nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d jedn\u00edm stolet\u00edm ztratili t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny znalosti star\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Ink\u016f. Sta\u010d\u00ed se pod\u00edvat do historie. <\/span>Je tak\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad <\/span>Garcilaso de la Vega<\/b> [9] je pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n za jednoho z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kronik\u00e1\u0159\u016f a sb\u011bratele historick\u00fdch fakt\u016f. Av\u0161ak i p\u0159es nesporn\u00e9 z\u00e1sluhy se narodil teprve v roce 1539, kdy u\u017e byl Atahualpa \u0161est let po smrti. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s se nad t\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee zamyslet –  co si pamatujeme z doby sv\u00e9ho d\u011btstv\u00ed? Jsme schopni kvalitn\u011b posoudit dobu, ve kter\u00e9 jsme vyr\u016fstali? A\u0165 u\u017e je to jakkoliv, skute\u010dnou pravdu se dnes ji\u017e nedozv\u00edme. Ale \u00favaha, \u017ee existovalo rozvinut\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem Ink\u016f, mi nen\u00ed ciz\u00ed. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seznam v\u0161ech p\u0159edinck\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f :<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/www.hwalibrary.com\/cgi-bin\/get\/hwa.cgi?action=get_acthesis&InfoID=1351863656&InfoType=CompendiumVol2<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Luis Jer\u00f3nimo Fern\u00e1ndez de Cabrera y Bobadilla. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luis_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Cabrera_y_Bobadilla
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[2] Fernando de Montesinos. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fernando_de_Montesinos
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[3] T.St\u011bhule: Ztracen\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed o setk\u00e1n\u00ed Atahualpy a Francisca Pizarra. tom-stehule.com. 08.01.2017. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2017\/01\/08\/ztracene-tajemstvi-o-setkani-atahualpy-a-francisca-pizarra\/
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[4] Fernando Montesinos: Memor\u00edas antiguas historiales y politicas del Per\u00fa, Madrid, 1882. archive.org. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/memoriasantigua00tolegoog\/memoriasantigua00tolegoog_djvu.txt
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[5] Generaciones de No\u00e9. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span><\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generaciones_de_No%C3%A9<\/a>
<\/span><\/span>[6] Ophir. Wikipedia. Online <\/span>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ophir
<\/a>[7] T.St\u011bhule: Hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o prosperit\u011b a z\u00e1niku \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Caral. 10.02.2017. tom-stehule.com. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/2017\/02\/10\/hlaseni-o-prosperite-a-zaniku-rise-caral\/
<\/span><\/a><\/span>[8] Hiram Bingham. Ztracen\u00e9 m\u011bsto Ink\u016f. 2006 . ISBN: 80-7341-926-2
<\/span>[9] Garcilaso de la Vega. Wikipedia. Online: <\/span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 conquist\u011b ji\u017e bylo naps\u00e1no hodn\u011b. Je tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e zmapov\u00e1na, d\u00edky tehdy p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdm kronik\u00e1\u0159\u016fm. To, s jakou kvalitou sb\u00edrali informace a komu slou\u017eili, to bylo a je dodnes p\u0159edm\u011btem \u00favah historik\u016f i laik\u016f.\u00a0Jedn\u00edm z t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili zmapovat historii a \u017eivot v tehdej\u0161\u00edm inck\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b Tahuantinsuyu, byl tak\u00e9 sekret\u00e1\u0159 m\u00edstokr\u00e1le Luise Cabrery [1] v Peru, Fernando de Montesinos [. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":959,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_crdt_document":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[18,7,13,5,17,4,16,43],"class_list":["post-955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zahady","tag-atahualpa","tag-historie","tag-inkove","tag-jizni-amerika","tag-manco-capac","tag-peru","tag-tahuantinsuyo","tag-zahady"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["cz","es"],"languages":{"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=955"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4004,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/955\/revisions\/4004"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom-stehule.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}